Clyne’s Revision of Grice’s Maxims Essay

Grices Maxims provoke been criticised for beness overly Anglo-centric. Michael Clyne proposes rescripts to the four adages in his 1994 handwriting Inter heathen Communication at urinate. Do Clynes revisions of this model go far rich in customaryly accounting for inter pagan intercourse? Why or why non?Grices General Cooperative article of faith has been under continuous debate for the prehistoric three decades. It is mainly through the maxims that Grices paradigm has been challenged as highly ethnocentric, hitherto such readings may tend to build the maxims too literally rather than as reference points for spoken communication interchange (Allan as cited in Clyne, 1994, p. 11). There is or so organization in this, but as suggested by Mey (1994, p. 74), the principle and maxims atomic number 18 endlessly delimit relative to a particular finale. It is this idea of cultural values be converse that has ca designd the contention of Grices conjunctive principle and its subordinate maxims. M any linguists (Keenan, 1976 Wierzbicka, 1985 Clyne, 1994 Bowe & adenosine monophosphate Martin, 2007) bring in criticised Grices Maxims for being too ethnocentric claiming that its assumptions be based on Anglo-Saxon norms and acculturation.This Anglo-centric nature is problematic for intercultural communication as the maxims are inapplicable to many a(prenominal) cultural values systems namely European and S bulge exposeheast Asian cultures where accord, respect and prohibition play a key office staff (Clyne, 1994, p. 192). In an prove to d ampen recoil intercultural conversation, Clyne (1994) has proposed a set of rewrite maxims to manuf conducture Grices principles much(prenominal) universal. His revision of Grices model trus bothrthyly accounts for a wider innovation of contexts and cultures, however it displace non be said to universally account for intercultural conversation. As conversation is remarkable to its context and pa rticipants, in reality no single theory could universally body forth real life lingual communication engagement. Although lot of all backgrounds generally do attempt to facilitate successful communication (if it doesnt conflict with their purpose or cultural values), f accomplishmentors unique to each participant burn affect any given conversation. Thus, it substructure be said that trance individuals are conditioned by their culture and environment, talk over patterns go forth always be influenced by personality factors (Watts, 1991) and hard-nosed and intercultural competency.On the surface, Grices cooperative principle seems to provide precise difficulty for intercultural analysis its arcdegree of unbelief is certainly appropriate for discussions of cultural diversity. make a contribution such as is required, at the stage at which it occurs, by the accepted purpose or delegation of the talk exchange in which you are engaged (Grice, 1975, p. 45) seems to allow f or the acceptance of diametric purposes and requirements in divergent contexts, and does non turn out the influence of norms associated with a variety of diverse speech communities. Although intercultural analysis was not Grices main concern, he has defined the hash out of his cooperative principle as design enterprises that allow a high degree of diversity in the motivations underlying rather meagre common objectives (1989 369). Grice himself makes no transparent claims of universality, development characteristically modest lyric to refer to a first estimation of a general principle (1989 26).He is extremely careful not to inflate the case for cooperation suggesting that each participant recognizes in them (talk exchanges), to some extent, a common purpose, or at least a reciprocally accepted direction (1989, p. 26). It should be pointed out however, that Grices maxims depict an idealised and change language riding habit, whereas reality is much more complex and mul ti-dimensional. In e veryday conversations, grievous the entire loyalty might be seen as impolite or strange in certain cultures. There to a fault tend to be intercultural differences that do not always follow a universal principle. Some cultures and languages (i.e. Chinese) often dictate that their speakers use indirect speech in conversation, which agent they are unable to follow Grices maxims of quantity and manner.In such cases, in that respect is a clash mingled with Grices maxims and the matter-of-factal rules of conversation, which are culturally sensitive. For pillow slip, when being offered a drink, a typical Chinese person would automatically say no the first time, while expecting the offer to be made at least deuce or three times more. This resembles a kind of phatic language communication say no, but not really importee no. In this sort of situation, if person doesnt adhere to the cultural norm choosing to follow Grices maxims instead, then they would kick t he bucket odd and out of place.The above illustration demonstrates that Grices maxims arent applicable in all contexts as they clash with certain cultural values systems. Many linguists (Clyne, 1994 Hymes, 1986 Loveday, 1983 Walsh, 2009) hurl picked up on this discrepancy between theory and data, claiming that the maxims are only relevant to the English speaking westbound world. In particular, Clyne (1994) has pointed out that they have limited relevance to cultures where content and knowledge are encumbrance values. For example, speakers of Malagasy, whose form of co-operation seems to consist in qualification their contributions as opaque, convoluted and non-perspicuous as accomplishable (Keenan as cited in Mey, 1994, p. 74) could be seen as flouting the Maxim of Quantity.This is because information, especially new information gives the holder a certain numerate of prestige, thus Malagasy people tend to use indirect, evasive language. It is obvious then, that environm ental factors, genial interaction and cultural norms need to be considered when interpreting conversational implicature. This is reinforced by Hymes (1986), who notes that Grice was correct in assuming that any culture will have some sort of preference towards attesting the truth (quality), being informative (quantity), staying on field of study (relation), and being clear (manner), but that this orientation and how it is articulated postnot be assumed to be the same in all cultures. It is incumbent then to recognize that each language and/or culture will have its deliver settings for each of the maxims (Bowe & Martin, 2007).In an attempt to reduce the cultural separatrix of Grices maxims, Clyne (1994) has proposed revisions to the four maxims (quantity, quality, relation, manner) by considering different cultural norms and expectations. An example of this is the modification of the maxim of quality so that it reads do not say what you believe to be in opposition to your cultural norms of truth, symmetry, charity, and/or respect. This revision accounts for situations in which the hearer may not want to respond truthfully in order to preserve face or harmony (Lakoff, 1973). This cultural value of harmony is especially prevalent in Chinese and Vietnamese cultures. Nguyen (1991) claims that communalism and collectivism has enforced harmony as a central cultural value in the Vietnamese people. Because of this tension on harmonious relations, Vietnamese ofttimes utilise ambiguous communication behaviours in order to rescind conflict. Although this language use could flout one or more of Grices maxims, by introducing cultural parameters such as truth, harmony and face, Clynes (1994) revisions can better account for intercultural conversation.Clynes (1994) revised maxims for intercultural analysis certainly have more regard for the communicatory patterns of non-English cultures however, they dont altogether meet the needs of intercultural communicat ion. In intercultural communication a high direct of pragmatic competence is central to an interlocutors performance. As Thomas (1984) points out, it is commonly the differences in pragmatic competence that are problematic in intercultural conversation. Furthermore, it is possible to have achieved a very high aim of linguistic proficiency, while having a relatively low level of socio-pragmatic proficiency. This can result in speakers victimisation a language, which for some reason is deemed inappropriate, cryptic or even offensive (Thomas, 1984). This will be demonstrated by the side by side(p) exampleAn Australian manager has been reassigned to the capital of Greece office of his organization and is assigned a Greek depository. On a day-after-day basis, he assigns seduce to her by using conventional indirect requests such as Could you type this letter? One day, she complains to a colleague, I wish he would just tell me what to do instead of enquire me. later on all, hes the ships company pommel and Im here to do what he wants.In the above example, we have a mixture of assumptions about the rights and obligations of two parties in a relationship characterized by asymmetrical distribution of origin, and the way this power will be exercised and acknowledged. The Australian chief attends to the face wants of his secretary by attempting to slander the power distance between the two. This is make by the use of politeness strategies that ostensibly give the subordinate the option not to perform a requested act Could you type this letter? Thomas (1995, p. 161) observes that allowing options (or tolerant the visual aspect of allowing options) is absolutely central to Western notions of politeness.An Australian secretary would presumptively know that a direct, on-record refusal of this request would be face threatening to her boss as well as threatening to her own job. She could potentially employ indirect refusal strategies (i.e. hints), which would avoid on record refusal and sustain the appearance of harmony. As Green (cited in Thomas, 1995, p. 147) points out the speaker is really only passing through the motions of offering options or showing respect for the addressees feelings. The offer may be a facade, the options nonviable, and the respect a sham. It is the fact that an effort was made to go through the motions at all that makes the act an act of politeness.It is clear that in this example the two parties have not nevertheless negotiated a shared set of norms. The secretary acknowledges and accepts the power difference between herself and her boss. She is hooked on him for work, and she accepts that he has the right to tell her to carry out various secretarial duties. To her, the Australian boss seems insincere when he requests her to do something for him, because as far as she is concerned, the power relationship admits no options. That is she does not interpret the deference that her boss displays toward s her as an act of politeness. There are on the face of it socio-pragmatic differences between the two parties. The Australian boss has carried his socio-pragmatic norms into the Greek setting, where they violate the expectations of his Greek subordinate. distributively party is defining and acting within the situation differently.Despite this, their encounters are not entirely unsuccessful the boss makes requests for work that the secretary completes. However, the Greek secretary feels dissatisfied with her bosss politeness strategies. It can be said that incomplete party is completely interculturally competent. That is communicating in a culturally competent way requires interlocutors to notice about the ways culture influences communicative utterances of individuals concerned. After all, if the secretary constantly doubts the seriousness of her boss, the relationship is threatened. And if the boss is unaware of the personal effects of this, he may experience a rude awakenin g in the heartfelt future.Based on what has been discussed, it can be concluded that Grices maxims cannot be taken as absolute rules this would be neither right nor practicable. Language is not as clear-cut as mathematical formulas it oft integrates with culture and society. Thus cultural and pragmatic considerations are vital to successful intercultural communication. Moreover, linguistic competency may not always cause a breakdown in communication very often when language form and cultural norm clash, culture supersedes language form. Clynes (1994) revisions of the conversational maxims better reflect cultural variation, however they do not universally account for intercultural communication.The examples aforesaid(prenominal) demonstrate that factors such as pragmatic and intercultural competence also play a key role. Intercultural communication then becomes something that is negotiated at local level by participants, involving uncouth adaptation. Difficulties may arise, o f course, in the process of duologue through limitations in the socio-pragmatic and strategic competence of some or all participants. After all, there are individual differences in these competencies, and as Agar (1994) points out, we have to have in mind that in any intercultural conversation, its persons not cultures that are in contact.ReferencesAgar, M. (1994). The intercultural frame. In supranational Journal of Intercultural Relations 18/2221-237.Bowe, H. J. & Martin, K. (2007). Communication crossways cultures Mutual understanding in a global world. Cambridge Cambridge University implore.Clyne, M. (1994). Inter-cultural Communication at Work Cultural Values in Discourse. Cambridge Cambridge University PressGrice, H. P. (1975). Logic and Conversation. In P. Cole & J. Morgan (Eds.), Syntax and Semantics 3 Speech Acts. youthful York Academic Press.Grice, P. (1989). Studies in the Way of Words. capital of the United Kingdom Harvard University Press.Hymes, D. H. (1986) . Discourse Scope without depth. In International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 57, 49-89.Keenan, E. O. (1976). On the universality of conversational implicatures.Language in Society 5.67-80.Lakoff, R. (1973). The logic of politeness, or minding your ps and qs. In Papers from the Ninth Regional skirmish of the Chicago Linguistic Society. 292-305.Loveday, L. (1983). Rhetoric patterns in conflict The sociocultural relativity of preaching organizing processes. In Journal of Pragmatics, 7, 169-90.Mey, J. (1994). Pragmatics. An Introduction. Oxford Blackwell.Thomas, J. (1984) Cross-cultural dialogue as unequal encounter Toward a pragmatic analysis. In Applied Linguistics, 5(2), 226-235. Thomas, J. (1995). nub in Interaction. An Introduction to Pragmatics. Harlow /Munich Longman. Walsh, M. (2009). Some neo-Gricean maxims for primeval Australia. Retrieved from http//www.aiatsis.gov.au/research/docs/alw/Walsh09.pdf (accessed 22/10/2013) Watts, R. J. (1991). military force in family discourse. Berlin Mouton. Wierzbicka, A. (1991). Cross-Cultural Pragmatics. Berlin Mouton de GruyterWierzbicka, A. (1985). unlike cultures, different languages, different speech acts. In Journal of Pragmatics 9.145-78.

Untrustworthy President Example Essay

Matthew stag 09/18/12 An Untrustworthy chairperson The true test of the the Statesn beau ideal is whether were able to recognize our failings and and so rise together to meet the ch every(prenominal)enges of our time. Whether we suspend ourselves to be shaped by events and history, or whether we act to shape them. - Our current prexy. The U. S. hot seat has been fly-by-night on more than integrity occasion. Our chair is perfidious when it comes to abroad and internal help issues, as well as cosmos all slightly dishonest. Our chairperson is untrustworthy to us, U. S. citizens.Our borders are overflowing with illegal immigrants who contract no intensions of legalizing or paying valuatees still are willing to divvy up our jobs and take our bullion back to their agricultural where it does not belong. Our death chair has been persecuting Arizona for enforcing illegal in-migration laws when his administration will not do the job. At the White House, the death chai r held a joint press conference with Mexicos president that featured both of them criticizing Arizonas immigration law. I only wish in that respect were someone there to represent America that day.That is a matter of field of study credentials where we cannot trust our president to protect us. We calculate on our president to render us with jobs when the job market is suffering and this president is providing us with a slow extend in jobs when we need a pronto and large increase, again our president expresses untrustworthiness in the eccentric of a crisis. The precise first thing our president did aft(prenominal) he was elected was push by means of the largest and most wasteful spending broadsheet in human history. The cost of the line was attested to be 800 billion to 1. trillion dollars. The purpose of the bill was to create jobs and the governing body claimed the bill would keep unemployment below 8%. Weve now had 38 straight months of in a higher place 8% unemplo yment, the longest streak since the immense Depression. Keeping our country and government operational smoothly is another theatre where incredulity surrounds our presidents capabilities. That is an example of our tax cash creation insecure in the hands of our president. We pay more money a year than anyone can fall into place and it is squandered in this country and almost the world n ways that do not help solve our problems we face here at home or around the world. As all presidents are, this president has been unreliable from the beginning, when he ran for office. Every president to be essential tweak the equity of where they stand on certain topics of cheer, creating a false sense of security which afterward makes us insecure as a country. Despite the fact that our government certified us that there was no jeopardy America would lose its AAA acknowledgement paygrade, America did indeed lose its rating for the first time since 1917 because of our presidents refusa l to cut spending.Election Day for our president, with his soon to be half fulfilled promises to better this country and the world, is a memorable example of our president acting untrustworthy. Never before in the history of our country has one society pushed through a massive entitlement political platform that was wildly unpopular with the American people, the affordable Health Care Act. This years convention where the president makes unreliable statements active what he has or has not gracious is another example.The recent speeches on foreign insurance policy and depicted object security provide extensional evidence of how trustless our president is to us. lay a man on the dream is one of Americas greatest accomplishments and our Space razzing program was ended, under our current president. When a U. S. president involves to be reelected to office, he must re signify his first discipline of unsuccessful promises and decide which to change and which to keep. externa l policy is a major orbit where he has become untrustworthy with. irrelevant leaders of allied nations around the world cannot trust our president when they need his help. Americans think of our president as being untrustworthy when it comes to the current crisis in the middle-east. The President has unavailing a ton of time, energy and money on things like nationalizing our health caveat system which doesnt really rise to the take of being a true national emergency. Meantime, he has spent almost no time dealing with real national emergencies, such as the emergence of a nuclear Iran. They feel as though he is not acting in the best gratify of our country.Look at our president, when face up with multiple countries in the middle-east burning our flag, he does not take action in the best interest of the citizens of the United States. As the president of the United States of America it is his responsibleness to act in best interest of this countrys citizens and there is no evide nce where he has asked us what we would want him to do about this crisis. But he took action in the best interest of those countries citizens and that is untrustworthy from an American citizens commit of view. The U. S. resident shows us just how unreliable he is at protecting our skinny countrys name around the world when he does nothing after four Americans are murdered, an American embassy is set on fire, and an American school is destroy to the ground in a foreign country. Our president is unreliable when it comes to foreign and domestic issues as well as being all around untrustworthy. As all presidents are, this president has been unreliable from the beginning, when he ran for office. Foreign policy is a major area where he has become untrustworthy with. Foreign policy is a major area where he has become untrustworthy with.

'Financial Analysis of McDonalds Company\r'

'PART 1, COMPANY OVERVIEW:a. McDonald’s is an Ameri endure debased nutriment chemical filament that sells a innovation of fast regimen alternatives, but most nonably has take in its reputation and success for the hamburger. It is the hulkyst fast food chain in the world, with globally acknowledge â€Å"golden arches” symbolizing a unquestionable meal can be had in over 119 countries. McDonald’s has go on to contract their menu to reflect the desire/demands of their customers. The up-to- run across CEO of McDonald’s is Mr. Don Thompson. b. McDonald’s was started in the 1940s as a BBQ outrideaurant owned and operated by Richard and Maurice McDonald’s in California, U.S.A.The McDonald’s certify was not established until 1955, when man by the transmit of Ray Kroc opened the ninth McDonald’s restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois. By 1961, McDonald’s filed trademark for the partnership anticipate and â€Å"dr ive-thru” service. Ray Kroc eventually forced the McDonald’s brothers out of the business and successfully ranch the keep high society throughout the world. Today, McDonald’s is an international sign of globalization. c. McDonald’s invests in properties, operates restaurants, and is a libertyr of the McDonald’s chain, in order to go money. McDonald’s operates differently than most franchise companies. Most franchised companies make their money by claiming a percentage of the income made at each chain; however, often propagation McDonald’s Corporation ordain buy the property the franchise is on and charge rent.d. Arguably, the main thing McDonald’s sells is union and expectations. This is to say, when you order from McDonald’s you know what you will plump all(prenominal) single cartridge clip; no surprises. McDonald’s makes money doing this by selling the food for significantly more(prenominal) than  than what they purchased it for. McDonald’s also makes money by participating in the strategy discussed preceding(prenominal) spend in properties and charging franchise owners rent, franchise markups of 40%, operating restaurants, etc. e. McDonald’s has over 33,000 locations in over 119 countries crosswise the globe to include places like Israel, Brazil, Scotland, Russia, the U.S., India, and China. at bottom each of those countries McDonald’s can be found in a variety of places in a variety of forms; such(prenominal) as, coffee stands in Paris, drive-thru only restaurants in Ger galore(postnominal), airport vendors, or even machine-accessible to gas stations.f. In recent long time McDonald’s has taken criticism on the unhealthy food choices on their menu, so much to where at near restaurants they fork up listed the total caloric intake per meal. That said, McDonald’s was the official food sponsor of the 2012 summertime Olympics in London, England, where they built their largest restaurant to date to support the massive crowds.PART 2, FINANCIAL OVERVIEW:a. gross revenue and Income Record:————- Fiscal Years ————-2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 gross revenue 22.79 23.52 22.74 24.07 27.01 Percent Change in gross sales Each Year3% -3% 6% 12% elucidate Income 2.34 4.31 4.55 4.95 5.5 Percent Change in benefit Income Each Year84% 6% 9% 11%GRAPH OF SALES & deoxyadenosine monophosphate; simoleons INCOME, FY 2007 †2011COMMENTS: Aside from 2009, the society has seen growth in both sales and net income every year. The decrease in sales for 2009 could peradventure be a result of the sparing times, where m any(prenominal) of McDonald’s customers whitethorn micturate reduced their spending and become more conservative with their expenses. The growth percentages since 2010 argon increasing, which indicates a positive trend in the family moving forward. It would be unreal istic to encounter that the company can continue image its growth percentages, but a continued growth of 12% to 15% is possible.b. expense Distribution:FY 2011 Major Expenses:\r\nCOGS 16.3 SG&A 2.2 Interest 0.49 Taxes 2.5PIE CHART OF EXPENSES, FY 2011COMMENTS: As visualised in the chart, the companies’ largest expense is Cost of Goods interchange (COGS). In order to increase their make margin, McDonald’s must continue to provide and find ways to reduce COGS. This is because many of the other expenses atomic number 18 much harder to influence. interchange General and Administrative (SG&A) expenses realise most likely already been gelded to the minimum over the company’s life, taxes are required by the Government, and provoke expense makes up only a small portion of expenses. The company may need to do a cost-benefit depth psychology to determine what may be through with(p) to reduce COGS. unity idea may to better vertically integrate the com pany, or to remove menu items which are less-traveled and/or seasonal.c. summations Distribution:year-end FY 2011 Assets:\r\n coin 2.3 Accounts Receivable 1.3 Inventory 0.12 Fixed Assets (PP&E) 22.8 other Assets 1.67PIE CHART OF ASSETS, Year-end FY 2011COMMENTS: As depicted in the chart, the companies’ assets are more often than not repair. This comes as no surprise since the company consists of over 33,000 restaurant locations worldwide. The percentage of fixed assets as compared to accredited assets does mean though that the company is not liquid, which means it cannot officious convert its assets to cash. The low inventory which real makes up just 0.4% of the asset dissemination is dominion due to the fact that the company is a restaurant chain, and much of the shine has a quick shelf life.c. enceinte organise: Year-end FY 2011 Capital Structure:Current Liabilities 3.5 Long-term & Other Liabilities 13.73 Common Equity 14.4CAPITAL STRUCTURE PIE CHART, Year-end FY 2011COMMENTS: As depicted in the chart, the companies’ heavy(p) structure is made up more often than not of common equity and long-term liabilities. The company has been super successful, and has gained equity over the long time as it became the world’s largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants. Additionally, in order to continue their growth, the company has spread out its locations, which required long-term debt financing. Because of these characteristics, the percentages of each of these categories are expected. Furthermore, the company has low period liabilities, which is normal for yearly operations in this sector.PART 3, proportion ANALYSIS:(1) LIQUIDITY:Comments On McDonalds liquid state:McDonald’s has a levelheaded up-to-date ratio. It is in a higher(prenominal) place 1, which means that it has enough current assets to cover current liabilities. Also, since the number is not too high, we know that the company is utilizing its assets efficiently. The quick ratio is also good because it is above 1, meaning McDonald’s does not trust on their inventory. Comparing the numbers to Wendy’s, McDonald’s has room for improvement.(2) ASSET MANAGEMENTComments On McDonalds Asset Management:McDonald’s has abundant essential Asset Turnover when compared with Wendy’s. They are do over $0.75 for every dollar of assets. Also, their fair(a) Collection Period is very good, fetching on average 18 days to collect on receivables.(3) DEBT MANAGEMENT:Comments On McDonalds Debt Management: Both companies’ debt ratios are similar, and are not alarming for the industry. However, McDonald’s time Interest Earned is much higher than Wendy’s. This shows possibly lenders that McDonald’s can considerably meet their interest owed (17x).(4) PROFITABILITY:Comments On McDonalds Profitability:For the industry, McDonalds has good profitability. Wendy’s seems to b e struggling in this area, and it may be best to compare the company against another(prenominal) peer to determine how they are doing.(5) merchandise VALUE RATIOS:Comments On McDonalds Market esteem Ratios:McDonald’s market value is good compared to both industry numbers, as intumesce as against Wendy’s market value ratios. McDonald’s ratios prove the company is economically strong. Part 4, Summary and ConclusionThe McDonald’s phoner is continuing to grow, both physically and monetarily, as seen in the increase in locations and sales per year. This is a good sign, especially during the current economic times. The company also has mensuration asset, expense, and capital distribution for companies deep down the fast food industry. This is good because there are no glaring issues that would inhibit investing in the company. Additionally, the company has great ratios when compared with The Wendy’s Company, as well as the rest of the fast food in dustry. One can fully understand how well the McDonald’s company is doing in comparison to the industry.Looking forward, the McDonald’s Company can try to get better by finding efficiencies where possible. One way the company could do this is by reducing its Cost of Goods Sold. Through eliminating some specialty items, this may be possible. Also, the company may want to look at a way to increase their return on assets and equity as any increase, large or small, will eternally help a company. Again, the company is doing extremely well already, but great companies should everlastingly continuously look for efficiencies and improvements in these areas.Overall, the McDonald’s Company has postured itself to become a large and extremely successful company within the fast food industry. It has grown from a small upstart in the 1940’s, to a symbol of globalization today because of the numerosity of restaurant locations around the world. I imagine The McDona ld’s Company is a great investment opportunity as it seems to continually improve, develop, and grow to serve its consumers around the world.\r\n'

'Personality Theory: Abraham Maslow Essay\r'

'Of t step forward ensemble the psychologists and their theories, the ace I find just rough interesting and believe the approximately in is Abraham Maslow. I believe his hierarchy of unavoidably is real and that people do walk out in ace of the directs of his pro match. Most of us let at a git take in fareion-time and filter out to make it a higher direct of financial and educational stability along with a satisfying career. We all ask basic motivation in life and once we discombobulate these we climb the function to higher achievements in life.\r\nAbraham Maslow was an Ameri merchantman psychologist who analyze the Humanistic aspects of psychology. He became interested in psychology after learning about John Watson and his contributions to the behavioral theory. In 1943, Maslow created a pyramid he called the Hierarchy of Needs. This pyramid was based on a mortal’s basic lower demand to the higher unavoidably in one’s life.\r\nMaslow disappr oved of behaviorism and later on took a similar direction as Freud and his writings. He approveed the existence of the unconscious but, he opposed Freud’s assent that the greater collapse of who we are is hide past our consciousness. Maslow thought that for the most part we are aware of our actions and that without impediments in our life that we all could become psychologically fit people with a greater brain of whom we are and better able to accept the field we live in. In areas that Freud saw pessimism or negative behavior in a person’s life, Maslow looked for more(prenominal) positives in mankind.\r\nMaslow believed that we are all born(p) with reliable directs and without meeting these needs a person was sure to die. The initiatory and butt take of his hierarchy was physiological needs such as warmth, shelter, and victuals. physiological needs were concerned with a biologic balance and homeostasis or equilibrium. Without these basic needs a perso n would non be able to thrive.\r\nThe second directs of the pyramid were for security needs. These included living in a safe area away from both danger or physical threats. This is most often found in children who need the protection of their parents from any harm. These two bottom aims of the pyramid are also where in the workplace most people start out at. Most people need to find work to create a safe loving home with food and warmth to keep themselves and their children from harm. The third level deals with social needs such as love, friendship and family needs. legion(predicate) people eliminate a lifetime looking for belong and love in their life. This third level focuses on a desire to be accepted by others and to fit in and olfactory property alike(p) we find a place in this world. Many late people struggle through this hitch of time trying to find them and not really wise to(p) who they can want and not trust. The after part level of the pyramid deals with Eg o needs and self respect.\r\nIt focuses on the need for self-esteem and respect from others. A person likes to feel like he or she has made something of them and open achieved triumph in all they do. We all like to strive for higher careers and increase our cognition in the world while at the same time give awayking familiarity in life. The fifth level of Maslow’s hierarchy is self-actualization. This level deals with the person and knowing they have used their full potentiality in life. At this level people become fully functional and act purely on their own volition and at the same time have a healthy personality.\r\nThe fifth level is the hardest of all levels to achieve. To honestly be self-actualized government agency to really know who we are, where we belong in society, and to feel like we have accomplish all that we have set out to achieve. Self-actualization means to no longer feel disgrace or remorse, or even hatred, but to believe in the world and see human nature as naturally good. Many people in their lifetime do not reach this final level of Maslow’s hierarchy.\r\n individually level of Maslow’s hierarchy can be attributed to stages in a persons works life. I see employees who are attempt to make ends meet and keep a roof over their heads and feed their families. I see other employees who are beyond this level and are striving for a higher education to climb the be given in their careers. I also see the top leaders of my workplace on the highest levels of Maslow’s hierarchy. They know who they are and have all they need in life. Many of the retirees I have seen have reached the self-actualization that Maslow created on his pyramid while others remained at the fourth level of autonomy and self-worth. I have also seen those that have reached a certain level on the pyramid and taken one or two travel backward. I have seen others that have one foot on one level and the other on the next level trying to reach an d pull themselves up. Maslow was a great psychologist and I would like to someday see someone further his research.\r\nReferences:\r\nAllPsych Online The realistic psychology Classroom retrieved on kinfolk 15, 2005 from http://allpsych.com\r\nDeeperMInd retrieved on September 15, 2005 from http://www.deepermind.com/maslow.htm\r\nLahey 2003; Introduction to Psychology Eighth Edition; UOPHX text\r\nMischel, W., Shoda, Y., & international ampere; Smith, R. (2004). Introduction to personality: Toward an integration (7th ed.). forward-looking York: John Wiley and Sons.\r\n'

'Basic Argument for Fatalism\r'

'Metaphysics The â€Å"Basic” disceptation for Theological Fatalism Fatalism Fatalism is the view that e trulything that cash in peerlesss chipss in both in all unavoidable. Since everything that happens is unavoidable, none of our actions ar genuinely up to us and we powerless to do anything other than what we actually do. Here is Ric ambitious Taylor on what the predestinarian believes [â€Å"Fate” from Metaphysics, 4th Ed (Pearson, 1991)]: â€Å"A fatalistic is righteous aboutone who believes that any(prenominal) happens is and continuously was unavoidable.He thinks it is not up to him what impart happen a thousand years hence, next year, tomorrow, or the very next moment. ” (52) â€Å"A fatalist thinks of the next in the track we all think of the early(prenominal), for everyone is a fatalist as he looks back on things. ” (52) We all think of the past â€Å"as fewthing settled and fixed, to be taken for what it is. We atomic numbe r 18 never in the least tempted to accent to modify it. It is not in the least up to us what happened last year, yesterday, or even a moment ago, any more than are the motions of the heaves or the political developments in Tibet. We say of past things that they are no longer at heart our power. The fatalist says they never were. ” (52-53) Theological Fatalism harmonise to the main versions of Western Monotheism (e. g. traditional Christianity), beau ideal is omniscient. To be omniscient is to have (in some consequential sense) unlimited realiseledge. It’s hard to say what this amounts to, provided let’s employment the engageing definition ( nefariousnessce it’s common) x is omniscient = for x inhabits every current proposition and x does not believe any mendacious propositions.Many nation think that omniscience is incompatible with human discontinuedom, because it implies the philosophical system of theological fatalism. Theological fatalism is the view that all human actions are unavoidable (and we are powerless to do anything other than what we actually do) because divinity fudge has exhaustive forestallledge of all future human actions. Here is an important statement of the contr everywheresy for theological fatalism from Augustine (On devoid Choice of the Will, Book III) I very much wonder how perfection puke have foreknowledge of everything in the future, and merely we do not sin by essential.It would be an irreligious and completely whacky attack on matinee idol’s foreknowledge to say that something could happen distinguishablely than as graven image foreknew … Since God foreknew that [Adam] was exit to sin, his sin of necessity had to happen. How, indeed, is the bequeath set free when such inescapable necessity is confide in it? Surely this is the problem … How is it that these cardinal propositions are not contradictory and absurd: (1) God has foreknowledge of everythin g in the future; and (2) We sin by the leave behind, not by necessity? For, you say, if God foreknows that someone is exhalation to sin, consequently it is necessary that he sin. moreover if it is necessary, the go out has no choice about whether to sin; there is an inescapable and fixed necessity. And so you fear that this tune forces us into one of two positions: either we draw the heterodox culture that God does not foreknow everything in the future; or, if we cannot accept this certainty, we mustiness admit that sin happens by necessity and not by allow for. The Basic air for Theological Fatalism Where S stands for any psyche whatsoever and A stands for any action, Augustine’s furrow can be stated as: 1. For any person, S, and an action, A, that S makes, God knew in be on that S go out do A. 2.If God knows in preliminary that S volition do A, then it necessary that S provide do A. 3. Therefore, it is necessary that S testament do A. 4. If it is necess ary that S will do A, then S is not free to terminate from carry throughing A. 5. If S is not free to leave off from bring abouting A, then S does not freely dress A. 6. Therefore, no person ever acts freely. Evaluating the seam Premise 2 is ambiguous •P2a: Necessarily, If God knows in pass around that S will per level A, then S will make A (De Dicto) •P2b: If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A (De Re) P2a is authentic notwithstanding the resulting crinkle is invalidP2a is true. It says that the proposition â€Å"if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A” is necessarily true and this just centre that it is out(predicate) for God to know in advance that, for example, I will bear my arm at some time and I fail to raise my arm at that time. We can put this by saying that God’s knowing in advance that I will raise my arm at some time logically entails that I will raise my arm at that time. P2a is a way of expressing this truth. The resulting argument is invalid. victimization P2a as the key premise, the argument is: 1.Necessarily, if God knows in advance that S will perform A, then S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily, S will perform A. But this argument is invalid (the conclusion doesn’t add up from the premises). We can show this by means of a counterexample (an argument of the same form with true premises and a false conclusion). The form of this argument is: 1. Necessarily, If p, then p. 2. P 3. Therefore, necessarily q. To see that the argument is invalid, use the bring home the baconing substitutions: p = K. Sharpe turn overs over 200lbs, q = K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. . Necessarily, If K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs, then K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. 2. K. Sharpe weighs over 200lbs 3. Therefore, necessarily K. Sharpe weighs over 199lbs. The premises of this argument are true further the conclusion is obviously false (I could go on a diet and successfully hurt some burden). I weigh over 199lbs but not fundamentally. I could weigh less than 199lbs and, in feature, I did weigh less than 199lbs at one point. alone that follows from the premiere two premises is that, in fact, I in fact weight more than 199lbs. It doesn’t follow that it is impossible for me to weigh less than 199lbs.Just in representative you are not convinced, here is a second counterexample (Plantinga’s) 1. Necessarily, if I know that George Clooney is a live, then George Clooney is a bachelor. 2. I know that George Clooney is a bachelor. 3. Therefore, it is necessarily true that George Clooney is a bachelor Again, the premises are true but the conclusion is false. George Clooney is a bachelor but he is not fundamentally a bachelor. He could get married, he just chooses not to. All that follows from the first two premises is that George Clooney is in fact a bachelor (not that he is essentially a bachelor).P2b renders the argument valid but it is obviously false 1. If God knows in advance that S will perform A, then necessarily S will perform A. 2. God knows in advance that S will perform A. 3. Therefore, necessarily S will perform A. This argument is valid (it’s just modus ponens) and so if the premises were true then conclusion would be true as well. But P2b is false. Given the de re reading of P2b, it says that whatever propositions God knows are necessarily true or, to put the point in wrong of properties, if God knows that some object has a billet then the object has that property essentially.Taken in this way, P2b is obviously false (nor does it follow from omniscience). Since the basic argument has to rely on either P2a or P2b, the argument is either invalid or relies on a false premise. Either way it’s unsound. Here is a way of view about this criticism of the argument. From the fact that God knows that capital of Minnesota will strike down his deoxyguanosine monophosphate on July 7, 2015 it follows that, on July 7 2015, Paul mows his yard and that he does not desist from mowing his yard on that day.But, it does not follow that it is metaphysically impossible for Paul to refrain from mowing his yard that day (that Paul does not refrain from mowing and it is impossible that Paul refrain from mowing are two very different things). All that follows from the fact that God knows in advance that Paul will mow is that Paul will not shape his power to refrain not that he lacks the power the power to refrain. The basic argument for theological fatalism needs the later inference, but that inference is not a favorable one. Thus, the basic argument fails.\r\n'

'Relevance of Sociology for the study of Law Essay\r'

'If societies atomic number 18 found upon agreed upon uprightnesss, then they argon very often interrelated subjects. They be symbiotic, interwoven, interconnected. When someone commits a nuisance against a nonher person or their property, they will ready to face the consequences in a court of virtue. Or reduce it to a sm each(prenominal)er multitude much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a tribe. tear down amongst members of a tribe, in that respect be fair plays that may only be verbal, or perhaps non even as testis as that. They argon followed beca habit children hang them in the tier of examples as they grow up. Within each tribe, goal or society, some form of punishment is obligate when a cultural norm is broken. Law potty be analyzed sociologic eachy as a method of doing something. Law can be examine as a well-disposed process, instrumented by individuals during well-disposed inter shapeion. Sociologically, rightfulness consists of the behaviors, situations, and conditions for making, interpreting and applying levelheaded rules that are sanction by the state’s legitimate dogmatic apparatus for enforcement.\r\nThe sociology of fairness (or lawful sociology) is often describe as a sub- agree of sociology or an interdisciplinary betterment inside legal studies. While some socio-legal scholars see the sociology of faithfulness as â€Å"necessarily” belonging to the discipline of sociology, others see it as a field of look into caught up in the disciplinary tensions and competitions amongst the twain established disciplines of equity and sociology. Yet, others regard it neither as a sub-discipline of sociology nor as a branch of legal studies and, kind of, present it as a field of interrogation on its own right within a looseer cordial light tradition. For example, Roger Cotterrell describes the sociology of impartiality without reference to mainstream sociology as â€Å"the systematic, theoretically grounded, empirical admit of constabulary as a set of brotherly practices or as an aspect or field of mixer gravel”. The sociology of fair play became clearly established as an faculty member field of learning and empirical research after the Second World contend.\r\nAfter World War II, the study of righteousness was not central in sociology, although some well-known sociologists did write closely the economic consumption of faithfulness in society. In the work of the Talcott Parsons, for in military capability, fair play is conceived as an essential appliance of affectionate control. In response to the criticisms that were developed against functionalism, other sociological perspectives of fair play emerged. 1. Critical sociologists developed a perspective of legality as an instrument of power. 2. However, other theorists in the sociology of law, such as Philip Selznick, argued that late law became increasingly reactive to a society’s needs and had to be be ttermented morally as well. 3. Still other scholars, most notably the American sociologist Donald Black, developed a decisively scientific theory of law on the al-Qaida of a paradigm of pure sociology. 4. Equally broad in orientation, but again dissimilar, is the autopoietic systems theory of the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann, who sees law as normatively closed, but cognitively equal to(p) system.\r\nThe essential insight underlying all sociological approaches to law is that law is a loving phenomenon that should, therefore, be studied sociologically. Beyond this core unifying orientation, sociology and law, other than known as the sociology of law, or law and sociology, consists of a variety of different approaches, assumptions, and attitudes. This internal proliferation of approaches is the product of renewing at 2 different levels. 1. First: sociology and law are contrasting bodies of fellowship. Sociology is a favorable science focused on the study of society, and li ke all such disciplines its overarching goal is the gathering of knowledge. Law, in contrast, is a practical activity that focuses on completing real fundamental tasks, including promulgating and enforcing rules, responding to disputes, and maintaining order.\r\n2. Second: each of these contributing bodies of knowledge is in its own way internally driven, with sociology divide among various competing schools of aspect and law divided among practitioners and theorists (adhering to competing schools of thought). When sociology and law are brought together, the differences between them, and the internal divisions that characterize each, are manifested in the junto of the two. In the United States, the primary quill academic influences in bringing sociology to law were philosophic pragmatism, sociological jurisprudence, and legal realism; the key figures were Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr., Roscoe Pound, and Karl Llewellyn. These schools of thought and figures were leaders in the criti que of formalistic approaches to the law that dominated at the end of the nineteenth coulomb and early twentieth century. at a lower place formalist inspects, law was a gapless, logically coherent self-contained system that could be discovered and applied exclusively by attachment of legal concepts, principles, and rules, without regard to social context or consequences.\r\nThe figures identified above argued, to the contrary, that law was the product of social forces, that it was neither gapless nor systematic, that one could not move mechanistically from principle to masking (choices had to be desexualize), and that judges were influenced by the social background in their interpretation and action of law. Most important: they argued that law, far from being self-governing and self-standing, was above all else an instrument to serve social needs. An important social-political influence on their thought was the social programs of the New Deal, which resorted to law as the k ey mechanism for implementing social policy. It follows this cluster of views that the efficacy of law, and its social consequences, moldiness(prenominal) be carefully evaluated. Hence the call for the operation of sociology to law. The early agenda for sociology ranged from studying the gap between â€Å"law in the books” and â€Å"law in action,” to discovering the social influences on the making, the application, and the interpretation of law, to learning whether law is in force(p) in achieving social policy, and how it can be made more useful when it is not.\r\nM all sociological studies of law, from the study of crime to influences on judicial decision-making, were conducted to meet this call. Under the influence of sociologist E. A. Ross, law came to be understood as a mechanism of social control, and the thrust of umteen studies was to make law more efficient and effective in accomplishing this task. A backlash against this jurisprudence-dominated agenda s tepwise developed from the sociological standpoint, which decried the instrumental use of sociology as a â€Å"handmaiden to law.” As the science of society, the application of sociology to law, it has been argued, should take place in the context of public theories about society, with proper attention paid to epistemological and methodological concerns. The classical sociological theories about lawâ€famously including 1. Émile Durkheim’s view of law as the essential element integrating modern society, 2. Max Weber’s ideal-type analysis of the kinds of law found relative to kinds of societies, and 3. Karl Marx’s characterization of law as determined by economic forces, component part the dominant class all possessed these qualities.\r\n4. A modern sociological theory of this type of law is Donald Black’s view, which assumes a positivistic stance of measuring law in quantitative terms, and articulates a series of â€Å"laws” of lega l behavior based upon patterns he observes relating to factors like degree of social stratification. A different current source of criticism of the jurisprudence-influenced approach to sociology and law comes from critical schools of sociolegal theory, including â€Å"critical empiricists” and â€Å"post-empiricists,” which reject positivism and legion(predicate) of the epistemological underpinnings of classical sociology (including the fact/value distinction).\r\nAdherents criticize sociology and law as currently practiced as a conservative tool that serves to preserve the position quo by enhancing the efficiency of law and by flunk to scrutinize and reveal the institutional structures and ideological beliefs about law circulating in society which continue (class-based, gender-based, and/or race-based) oppression and domination. Sociological approaches to law, according to this view, must(prenominal) reject the agenda set by jurisprudence, and instead seek to ex pose all forms of domination perpetuated through and through law. Sociology and law thus encompasses divergent perspectives on law. scorn significant internal schisms, a growing confederacy of scholars and body of discourse has developed around the combination of sociology and law, united by the shared commitment to view law as a social phenomenon that must be examined in sociological terms.\r\nFunctions of law\r\n* well-disposed control\r\n* Dispute declaration\r\n* complaisant salmagundi\r\nSocial control:\r\n in that respect are two basic processes of social control:\r\n1. the internalization of group norms and\r\n2. control through external pressures.\r\nIn Chtonic societies, social control is ensured by the fact that socializing experiences are very much the same for all members. Even in larger societies, social control rests generally on the internalization of shared norms. Formal social control is characterized by:\r\n(i) explicit rules of conduct,\r\n(ii) planned use of sanctions to support the rules, and\r\n(iii) designated officials to interpret and enforce the rules, and often to make them. Law does not take for a monopoly on formal mechanisms of social control. Control through law is usually exercised by the use of negative sanctions and not by positive rewards. A person that obeys the law does not receive an award.\r\nMechanisms of social control through law: (i) barbarous sanctions, (ii) civil commitment, and (iii) administrative licenses. Criminal sanctions: the purpose of sanctions: Retribution (denounce unlawful conduct) Deterrence (both particular proposition and general), Rehabilitation of the offender. Civil commitment: medicalization of social problems, such as drug abuse, alcoholism, etc. Administrative law: administrative regulations is used as a pith of social control.\r\nDispute resolution:\r\nTypes:\r\nBy the parties themselves: somatogenetic violence, family feud, lumping it, avoidance, etc. By adjudication:\r\nADR: negoti ation (without the help of any third company), mediation (third party helps disputants), and arbitration (third party makes a final and binding decision, which is enforceable). Hybrid resolution processes: rent a judge (like arbitration, but with a retired judge), med-arb (issues not solved by mediation are sent to arbitration where the mediator becomes arbiter), and mini running play (if there is no settlement before the â€Å" prison term” the adviser gives her opinion about the likely essence if the dispute were litigated). Adjudication: a formal method of betrothal resolution, where a third party â€the courts- intervenes â€even if not wanted by the parties- and renders a decision which is enforceable.\r\nSocial change\r\nLaw is both a bloodsucking and an independent variable, i.e., an effect and a cause of social change. The question is not whether law changes society or whether social change alters law, but rather, what level or under what circumstances change is produced.\r\nExamples of social changes as causes of legal changes: Soviet Union, China, and other radical revolutions. Examples of legal changes as causes of social changes: adultery, sexual assault, etc. Problems of interaction between sociologists and lawyers Sociologists study everything about the law, except for rules â€institutional structures, processes, behavior, personnel, and culture. Lawyers and sociologists don’t speak the same language. There is a special rethoric of law. It has its own vocabulary, an arcane composing style, and a form of irritating citation. There are also differences in professional culture. Lawyers are advocates. They are concerned with the identification and resolution of the problems of their clients. Sociologists consider all evidence on a proposition and approach the problem with an open mind.\r\nLawyers are guided by precedents and past decisions control current cases. In contrast, sociologists underscore empirical research. Lawye rs and law professors tend to believe that they have a monopoly over law. This is as if physicians thought that they had a monopoly over the bodies. The pronouncements of law are predominantly normative: they tell people how they should behave and what will bump to them if they don’t. In sociology, the emphasis is on description, on understanding the reasons why certain groups of people act in a certain way in specific situations. The law reacts to problems most of the time. The issues and conflicts are brought to lawyers by their clients outside the legal system. In sociology, issues and concerns are generated within the discipline on the basis of what is considered intellectually challenging, timely, or of interest to funding agencies. These differences are due in part to the different methods they use.\r\n'

'Horatio Alger’s “Ragged Dick” Essay\r'

'In the degree of â€Å"Ragged shot”, Horatio Alger tells an inspirational story portraying a hero, pricking, to be the soma of individual opportunity in American culture. Dick gains mobility up the socio­economic head for the hills through his unsloped virtue and dedication to higher bringing up. Dick is an full young â€Å"black­boot” with a indorsement­rate shared apartment and low vernacular. However, Dick is generous and industrious, while keeping a economical stance as to know the value of a dollar. while en route of finding reinvigorated work, a young boy falls into the eastern hemisphere river, and the father swears great rewards to the rescuer. Dick, an excellent swimmer, dives off a ferry and saves the boy, without hearing of any reward. The father, a fuddled industrialist himself, rewards Dick by giving him a well up­paying job as a shop clerk at his office. Dick, now realizing his potential, has allowed himself a new cause with his new career, signifying his upward climb on the ladder claiming that he is finally, â€Å"cut off from the old upchuck life which he hoped never to resume” and shut his grip upon the American Dream. Alger’s â€Å"rags to riches” story contains valuable tools that can be used to set off a person’s social psychology, it’s myths can be unrealistic which can hightail it a person to believe a stargaze that could be impossible to obtain.\r\nThe example of valor, hard work, and curtain raising are concrete tools for one’s toolbox, whereas relying besides on gallantry can only go so far in our socio­economic world. First, you could mediocre take a look into the professions throughout our economy. Art, literature, and education are thrown on the back burner as business degrees are the #1 funded, and sought after, sectors.\r\n'

'Managing resources and controlling budget costs Essay\r'

'Managing mental imagerys of a acquit end be hard for the disdain they ca-ca to maintain the electionfulnesss by doing various checks over the familys. For lesson maintaining a physical resource like a bring out, screw be ch bothenging, but in line of battle to maintain it, a patronage has to insurance the expression and the contents need to be in place, if the construct needs repairs then they need to be repaired in time, the building needs to meet security systems in place such(prenominal) as, entry codes, cctv, gated atomic number 18as and aras maintained regularly; the individual in charge to get off this resource tummy be the site distinguishr, it’s his responsibility, to accompaniment everything in narrate; if he doesn’t the do whatsoeverthing about the repairs, inst all security etc. The building ground treat be in serious insecurity since the caper go away seduce to pay more than in order to maintain it.\r\nA nonher resource the strain should manage is ICT, a stemma, e.g. Paapapii’s in order to maintain resources they need to purchase the subdue softw be package, in order to run a expressive style efficiently, they in any case take up to provide training of computer software to employer’s in order to facilitate the bestow for them, and also the have to safe storage their data, if anything stinky happens they target get their work back so they don’t slow down their sales. The person responsible to maintain this resource is the ICT manager.\r\nFurthermore workes should manage their humanity resources, in order to recruit pack that are qualified for the job, some deal superpower have the right qualifications but they don’t have the right experience, by improving the human resources, your trading will develop a enlisting and hiring process that engages the manager and makes them responsible for the right hire, they abide develop an employee execution of instrument process to evaluate and fair reward employees for their work and create an employee file checklist for retaining the proper(ip) documentation for all employees. This will make the business work more efficiently so they can achieve their goals.\r\nManaging the resources of an organisation and looking closely at its budgetary control is absolutely vital in business. It improves performance over every department and gives the business concern team a clear debate on where they can expand and develop in the next.\r\nEvery public bound high society that allows people to buy shares within their business must retire their accounts so that investors can see how swell they are doing and judge whether or not to buy their shares on the stock exchange. All the multinational companies have a clear view on their resources and budgets; this is evident from Tesco who have lists of all their resources and a clear cash in stop all on one fiscal statement. They do profits of over £2 bill ion in 2005 and this tells us that managing budgets and resources well really does improve businesses performance.\r\nhttp:// in the buffs.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4435339.stm- BBC News.\r\nManaging the budgetary control efficaciously assists improve the performance of an organisation as, if you can oppose up the amend-even point on a chart of business, you can identify the point where your business has exchange replete products or service in order to cover your expenses. This is crucial schooling for any business trying to avoid releasees, knowing the point that you break even is a good target to overhaul and keeps everyone in your organisation focused and thereof improves performance. Furthermore, the leeway of safety can also be open up in order to allow the business to work out the amount of units by which sales can fall before the business starts to make a loss. This improves the businesses performance in hard times such as the cur call for recession as the managemen t team know how much security they have until they start making a loss. An typeface of the tolerance of safety could be when John Lewis has 65 units and a break-even point of 50 units. This gives them 15 units of lee way until they start making a loss.\r\nAnother example of how managing the budgetary control and resources within a business helps improve performance is the effect of changes in laid be. When running a business there is determined costs that are eer the same, these include costs such as rent, insurance and road tax. erudite the changes of your ‘ meliorate’ costs could save a freshet of time and keep a more clear financial statement and management decisions. For example the politics orders all insurance on cars to increase by 15%, this used to be a rigid cost however on the odd critical point it can change.\r\nApplying close attention to changes within ‘fixed’ costs can be crucial and will improve the performance of management decis ions in the future as you have valid data to hand. The set in times like the recession for rent could always be changing and product prices can go up or down agree to competitors within the marketing surround, using invalid information for predictions on what will happen with the business is suicidal and managing resources and budgets can cover this problem and in cristal improve the company’s performance by making sinless marketing decisions that will wellbeing the company.\r\nAlso, in any recession businesses need to encounter their safety by keeping militia from the cash ladder cycle for emergencies. An emergency could render anything from a downturn in the market to an offensive onslaught on your business premises, keeping reservations will help soften the effects of these situations. Business analysts recommend that reserves should be maintained which will allow the business to continue for at least three months in the event of an emergency. Also having a high fluidity figure helps, this is the ability to turn assets or stock into cash to be able to pay bills. fashioning reservations and emergency funds will improve performance in the long run in miserable economic times and help see your business through, giving each department a limited budget to handle and giving limits on resources.\r\nThe magnificence of costs and budgets is extremely high within any organisation that wants to do well. The payoffs of managing your costs and budgets are that it is easier to have a constant cash flow, cash flow is vitally important within all businesses as it helps pay the bills whilst you await debtors to pay for your services. Another advantage of managing your costs and budgets is that it helps you avoid getting into debt as you always know how much you have to spend and whether you can afford certain assets or advertisements. If the costs and budgets are not monitored the company could be running(a) at a loss, with the information in hand that you are losing money and not even making enough profit to cover costs you could, as a result, start dropping staff and maybe interchange assets such as computers and vehicles that are, not necessarily not needed, but aren’t useful without the staff operate them. The business value will eventually lessening significantly as a result of an unmonitored financial system not checking the costs and budgets effectively.\r\nAn example of a company that manages its costs well is John Lewis. They manage their costs and budgets effectively by having a wholly department of finance and numerous staff working under their command. Their job is to look at all the costs and budgets of the store that they are allocated to and to see whether an coronation of new advertising or a new product is financially viable with their budget. This way they can avoid spending large amounts of money that the company doesn’t have. Also, it is clear that they manage their costs well as their finan cial statement for the half year leading up to August 2009 saw a profit of £86.3 million profit.\r\nhttp://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2009/sep/17/john-lewis-profits-drop- Guardian.\r\nConclusion\r\nTo sum up, the management of costs, budgets and resources all work co-ordinately to improve overall business performance. This is done in many ways but mainly in that it increases the break-even point, the margin of safety and can reduce overheads significantly, this all results to greater profits which is the core of all non-charitable organisations therefore making the management of resources and budgets vitally important. In my touch sensation anyone who starts up a business is to make true that right from the start you have an effective budgetary control and a well-managed resource department. Make certain(a) that you stay up to date with your marketing environment that is relevant to your niche market to ensure you converge correct information in order to make accurate market ing decisions. Any business that doesn’t have a good budgetary and resource control system is deemed to fail sooner or later and, if this is relevant to you, then I would re-design your business before it starts making a gaping loss and you’re left wondering why, without any accurate information to go by.\r\n'

'Intrest throughout the three stories Essay\r'

' sherlock Holmes is the main character in the tosh, as in all the Sherlock Holmes stories. He is a real p bandr and searching man with an extraordinary gift. He is Observant and analytical person and can harbor a large amount of information from a small amount of clues, which most others would overlook. From early on in the drool Holmes does non hesitate to surface out off his detective skills when he meats Helen Stoner: â€Å"You confuse come in by train this morning, I see. I observe the second half of a return ticket in the palm of label atomic number 18 perfectly fresh.\r\n on that point is no vehicle save a dog-cart which throws up mud in that way, and then only when you sit on the leftfield side of the driver”. This shows that Holmes considers these observations to be trivial, and that they do not stretch his talent whatsoever. Doctor Watson is Holmes’ assistant. He is a fully qualified doctor and so a clever man, but next to Holmes he often epochs comes across as a clumsy, less intelligent person. This contrast gifts Holmes and Watson an interesting duo to read about. Watson is use for occasional humour during the trading floor.\r\nIt is very apparent that Watson admires Holmes: â€Å"I had no keener pleasure than in following Holmes in his professional investigations and admiring his rapid deductions”. Finally, Conan-Doyle uses Watson to put forward questions and opinions, which the reviewer may be thinking of. Holmes never openly rejects these opinions, but nor does he accept them or firmness of purpose Watson’s questions clearly. This creates red herrings, which ensure that the outcome of the story remains a riddle to the ratifier.\r\nHelen Stoner, the lady that has come to Holmes for help, is portrayed in this story as the ‘ damosel in distress’. She is in desperate study of assistance and has no one else to turn to. Whilst Helen is nerve-wracking to explain her predica workforcet to Holm es, He is very calm air and collective and does not let her tell the story in full immediately; he oftentimes asks for details or interrupts Helen. This sustains the reader interested because he or she is eager to learn the story. Holmes’ attitude towards Helen reflects the time the story was written in.\r\nHolmes is very sympathetic and refined towards Helen: â€Å"‘you mustiness not fear,’ said he soothingly, digression forward and patting her forearm. ‘We shall soon set matters right, I throw no doubt”. Holmes is not cosmos sexist in his assumption that Helen is helpless and afraid, he is merely video display the attitude towards women that was shared by most men at that time. Holmes knows that Helen needs help from someone who is calm and confident. Roylott is Helen’s stepfather. Roylott is an aggressive, violent character who threatens Holmes by deflexion his poker.\r\nRoylott is the prime suspect in the story for the reader, b ecause the demolition of his stepdaughters would mean he would receive their inheritance. Throughout the story, Conan-Doyle gives some(prenominal) clues as to the outcome of the mystery story. Firstly, when Helen is telling her story from the beginning, the reader learns that Roylott, who would inherit an amount of money in the crusade of the two sisters’ deaths, is a short-tempered, dangerous man who has a history of violence: â€Å"There was a series of disgraceful quarrels and brawls with anyone giving him the least offence”.\r\nThese clues make Roylott the prime suspect for the death of Julia Stoner. Secondly, although it leaves many questions unanswered, Helen reveals that Julia’s last words were: â€Å"Helen! It was the doughnut! The Speckled band! â€Å". It turns out that she was describing the snake that bit her. Finally, there are several important clues given in Helen’s bedroom, next to Roylott’s room, before the plot is unfolded . higher up Helen’s bed, which is fixed to the floor, is a bell rope that does not work, and a ventilator. The ventilator is in a very strange place: the dividing wall betwixt the two populate.\r\nIt turns out that these features were to allow the snake to ask to Helen. Such clues were intended to intrigue the reader and atom to the reader, giving them a chance to work the mystery out for themselves. These clues are typical of the mystery genre. There are also several red herrings in the story, for example, the gypsies living in the grounds: â€Å"It must redeem been those wretched gypsies in the plantation”. These points are opposed but raise questions in the mind of the reader, make them want to read on. Conan-Doyle also uses tension to keep the reader interested.\r\nWhen Holmes and Watson are waiting for the snake to pose in Helen’s room, they are in nighttime and speak in whispers. Holmes makes it clear to Watson that they are in considerable dang er and must not attract caught. Conan-Doyle also uses language techniques such as shorter sentences to get this tension. At the end of the story, as was common in stories of this genre, Holmes gives an explanation of the crime for the benefit of the reader. ‘The Devil’s Foot’ is similar to ‘The Speckled ringing’ in that from the start there is a character that we take on reason to suspect: Mortimer.\r\nAt first, Mortimer does not look to be as vicious an enemy as Roylott, as was common in the time the story was written, but several clues unearthed by Holmes point the flick at him. The maul in this case is also similar to the murder in ‘The Speckled Band’. It is a very horrific and mysterious murder that some in the story believe to be of a supernatural nature. Murders like this were often symbolize in stories of this time and genre and were designed to glamour and shock the reader. Holmes, however, says: â€Å"if it is beyond t his world then it is certainly beyond me”.\r\nThis makes the reader believe that there must be a logical or scientific explanation. The crime is again solved by Holmes, who solves the mystery by noticing small clues and gathering information, in this case, noticing the connectedness of combustible powder between the two rooms in which the murders took place. To support his idea of this powder being the cause of the deaths, Holmes puts his life on the line and tries it on himself. This eccentricity and willingness to go so far to solve a crime makes Holmes all the more interesting and unusual to the reader.\r\n'

'Why Youth Leave the Church\r'

'Introduction â€Å"With much(prenominal) an army of workers as our y turn outh, rightly trained, skill furnish, how soon the message of a crucified, risen, and soon-coming Savior qualification be carried to the whole world! ” (Education, p. 271). Wow, what a statement. This is probably the to the highest degree well k instantlyn statement by babe Ellen White concerning the younker. These words are so mightily and motivating, that they inspire the imagination to look forward to it’s fulfillment, to the day when this army of dedicated Christian vernal the great unwashed will be spread out around the world to bring the message of deliverer’ soon return to everyone.I must confess that entirely the thought of this sends shivers down my spine. I am, however, forced to call into question whether this dream will ever become a reality. The church, it seems, is facing a dilemma, in that we are losing the youth. many an(prenominal) of our young people are lea ving the church, and in seeking to answer the question of why this is happening, I would like to share with you the imaging that I think to most accurately describe the reason for the youth leaving the church, as well as what to do to stem the flow of this widespread desertion. Recommended pick(s)The main resource that I believe to be the best and that I would like to preach, is the book, why our Teenagers Leave the church service, written by author Roger L. Dudley. I will alike be referring to two other resources that I used, both of which is found on the above mentioned book. The first and most distinguished is an denomination with the same title, and by the same author. It is essentially a condensed version of the book, and it covers the basics of the research through, as well as the results and what can be done to prevent the youth from leaving the church. The second is a sermon by Pastor Dwight K.Nelson, titled, Primer for the a just nowting generation: XNY 101. In t he sermon Pastor Nelson briefly explains how the study was done, the results attained, and the recreate to the problem. I will now proceed to discuss the two secondary resources (Article: why our teenagers leave the church; Sermon: Primer for the neighboring generation: XNY 101), based on the premise of the aboriginal resource (Book: Why our teenagers leave the church). Primary Resource Roger Dudley’s book is the culmination of an expansive 10 year longitudinal study, where the author traced the lives of about 1500 teenagers as they grew up and, often, grew disillusioned. harmonise to his book, Dudley asserts that 40 to 50 percent of Adventist youth leave the church before their mid twenties. junior-grade Resources Why our Teenagers leave the Church (Article) As was mentioned previously, the article is a very condensed version of the book, and it goes straight to the point. The manipulation of the study was to attempt to discover the extent of the church’s loss o f it’s young adults. According to the article, 40 to 50 percent of baptized one-seventh Day Adventist teenagers either dropped their membership, or became inactive in the church, in their mid twenties.According to Dudley, there are atomic number 23 influences that determines the continuation or discontinuation of young people in the church, and they are as follows: Home Influences insular vs. Public Education Congregational Involvemnet Lifestyle Standards devotional Practices I am in favor of, and recommend this resource, because it is straight forward and to the point. It provides the withdrawed facts right from the start, allowing the subscriber to look at the all the determinants and then wanton away a plan on how to proceed to controvert or minimize the loss of young people.Primer for the coterminous generation: XNY 101 (Sermon: Audio) Pastor Dwight K. Nelson starts of by explaining the expatiate of the study that was done. He quotes the following from the book: â €Å" legion(predicate) teenagers and young adults are leaving the church because they discriminate it to be behavior centered when they are tone for relationships. ” (Why Our Teenagers Leave the Church, P58) â€Å"We confound seen that though our youth have heard the words of the gospel of righteousness by grace through faith, . . . [our] emphasis on behavioral standards has led the majority to believe that they must somehow merit salvation. . . Through precept and example, we must do everything possible to clarify grace and to break the bear out of legalism. We must communicate a gospel of hope. Without this effort we will never retain our youth. They will non continue to struggle in a get by that they cannot possibly win. ” (58, 59 emphasis supplied) I would also gladly recommend this resource, because Paster Nelson identifies the problem from the data, and he then goes on to provide a remedy to the problem. Conclusion â€Å"We cannot always build the risi ng for our youth, but we can build our youth for the future. ” Franklin D. RooseveltWhen looking at the data covered in these resources, it is clear that the future is uncertain. It is also clear that the youth are the leadership of tomorrows church, and in order for them to lead, they need to be there. We need to realize that we cannot necessarily set everything in calculate for our youth, but, what we can however do, is to develop our youth for the future, for the termination’s that they will have to make. We can prepare them for this uncertain future by laying a good foundation in our educational institutions, at church, and most importantly at home. The greatest determinant, by far, is the family.If the family is built on the rock, nothing can reorganize it. â€Å"With such an army of workers as our youth, rightly trained, might furnish, how soon the message of a crucified, risen, and soon-coming Savior might be carried to the whole world! ” (Education, p. 271). — Reference come Ellen G. White, Education ( Washington, D. C. : Review and Herald, 1903). Roger L. Dudley, Why Our Teenagers Leave the Church: Personal Stories from a 10-Year Study (Hagerstown, Md. : Review and Herald, 2000) Roger L. Dudley, Why Our Teenagers Leave the Church (Spectrum, Volume 28, Issue 4, evenfall 2000)\r\n'

'Poem Analysis of John Clare’s First Love Essay\r'

'The numbers root Love by derriere Cl atomic number 18 is written about the poet’s feelings of unanswered love for a wealthy farmer’s daughter, bloody shame Joyce. The poet uses various unusual burdens in the poem to convey this sense of loss, providing inscrutable insights into his estimate in a chatmingly simple and apprise piece. accept with linguistic communication which reflect the mood in each verse, these make it a very fibrous poem. An unusual form of contrast is used in first gear Love to create a knock-down(a) effect. The use of limited vocabulary is part of this, perspicuous throughout the poem. The repetition of â€Å" new” suggests that the poet has not, or cannot, conceptualize of another adjective.\r\nThis is further shown in the way that he lights the second stanza with â€Å"and then”, a very free-and-easy and unusual opening in a poem. Combined with this, an informal t genius is developed with the use of phrases much(p renominal)(prenominal) as â€Å"blood rushed to my face” and â€Å"I never saw so sweet a face”. Despite this informal tone, the mess while of the poem is very insightful, as it shows a view into the poet’s mind. Rhythm in the poem is key to this, creating sextette sections in the poem, with the rhyme scheme for each universe A, B, A, B, or for example â€Å"hour”, â€Å"sweet”, â€Å" florescence”, â€Å"complete”.\r\nThese sections of four lines each can be seen as individual thoughts of Clare, as they each hired man with a slightly separate topic. Rhetorical questions such as â€Å"Is love’s bed of all age snow” also contribute to this effect, as they are almost addressed back to the poet, providing an insight into his mind. Creating a thoughtful, musing atmosphere, these make First Love a stringy poem by contrasting the deep insights into the poet’s mind and the effects this love has had on him with the s imple tone and vocabulary.\r\nDivided into three stanzas, the poems examines the consequences of John Clare’s unrequited love for Mary Joyce. Stanza one deals with his initial effects she has on him, such as the total awe and shock at her beauty. In the first line, â€Å"struck” and â€Å"hour” create a metaphor of a clock, implying that this is the start of a late hour, or era in his life. The way that she has all told taken over Clare’s life is seeming(a) in the use of â€Å"stole my heart onward”, and his helplessness in her hands is exemplified by his legs refus[ing] to paseo away” and the question, â€Å"what could I ail? â€Å".\r\nThese words combine to show that the sight of Mary Joyce for the first time has left the poet helpless and overcome by her, creating a powerful effect. Clare’s affected perception of world is shown in the second stanza. The metaphor of his love fetching his â€Å"eyesight quite away” so that the â€Å"trees and bushes” â€Å"seemed midnight at noonday” shows the reversal of Clare’s worldviews as a result of this love.\r\nThe way that â€Å"words from [his] eyes did start”, which â€Å"spoke as chords do from the string” conveys the context of this, that he begins to talk in a distinguishable way, one that is universally recognised like medicament †the language of love. These two metaphors make the poem powerful by conveying the effect love has had on the poet. The final stanza changes the tone of the poem, lamenting the fact that Clare’s love is unrequited. Introduced by two questions which compare Mary Joyce to â€Å"winter” and â€Å"snow”, it shows that she is cold and hard.\r\nIt then concludes by linking Joyce’s â€Å"sweet… ace” back to the â€Å"sweet flower” mentioned in the first stanza, but shows that she has detain him, so that his â€Å"heart” â€Å"can return no more” to where it once was. The choice of cold, unforgiving words such as â€Å"winter”, â€Å"snow” and â€Å" dumb” creates an atmosphere of lament and sorrow, and the final line connect back to the first, which implies the start of a new age for Clare, as he â€Å"can return no more”. This stanza makes the poem powerful by tellingly concluding the poem, and by introducing the sorrow which is the final effect love has had on the poet.\r\nThe power and effectiveness of First Love is not in the cliched pass on of unrequited love itself, but the way that it portrayed. engrossed in a simple vocabulary and squeezable meter, a deep message is hidden which evokes great(p) sympathy in the reader. By opening a window into the poet’s mind, the reader is able to see the complete hold the love has on Clare’s life and thoughts. Accomplished through contrast and effective word choice, this is the reason John Clare’s First L ove is such a powerful poem.\r\n'

'Ways of KNowing\r'

'WHEN Is a focus on the primary medical man eldment of womens health bunkim the phases of a mans disembodied spirit. M ever soy aspects of a womans life argon vari up to(p)s that allow affect her general health and wellness. For exercising, alliances, children, keepinger, family, finances, environmental incidentors, spirituality, and other influences collectively collision a womans health and wellness. In my own nursing experience, I bring forward a difficult client c atomic number 18 item that perplexed me with serious ethical questions and allowed me to unfold a â€Å"bigger picture” of the womans life.This woman contracted hive away during her for the first time sexual roleplay at the climb on on nineteen. I had the privilege of intentional her when she was the age of thirty- threesome which for her was the end of her life due to the infirmity does. I spent a good serve of time with her In clinical practice and came to a full perceiveing and appreciati on of her life baloney precisely non at first. I created some barriers for myself and for her with respect to vast commodities and clinical needs beyond comparison to many other patients I had encountered.The barriers were created because of my bigotry and objectivity I had created against the WAITED population. I wise to(p) afterward that she was the loving mother of a child that she could non physically see because she had lost her eyesight. She was alone. She was abandoned by the father of the child who was the carrier of the HIVE she had contracted. She was angry. She was sc ared. She was step and abused by her family and the system. My moment of knowing myself at last came when I was able to see myself as creation this person.She could make been anybody life story. During this time I was able to re-evaluate my personal feelings and biases and this particular tuition brought to fruitful a nurse that was less Judgmental, more understanding, more tolerant, and nearly Importantly more knowing. This happened long before I k invigorated there was Integrated Theory and Knowledge come to the foregrowth in Nursing. All the while, we nurses take aim been developing ship quite a littleal of knowing and same(p) many of my fellow undergrad nurses, I did not accognition the term â€Å" acute” in the sense of an art.Former clinical experiences realize influenced how I acquire cognition in my latter clinical practice. I use an integrated approach to the allurement and analysis of ATA from personal, ethical, and empirical perspectives. Personally, I am certain that I am human and earth-closet tardily become consumed in opinions and prejudices. I understand that possession of a prejudice in nursing creates barriers that volition not allow the nurse patient relationship to flourish. The nurses failure in realizing the self as a potential barrier Is also the nurses failure In delivering the most therapeutic and holistic care possible.I call f or psychosocial, demographic, ethnic, cultural, and/ or sacred factors that may bear weighting on a therapeutic plan of care. I pay attention to facial expressions, educational level, language, and family members. Is religious practices that prevent certain treatments? Is the patient in pang? These are important questions that I ask or observe for gathering information and formulating a special plan of care. What can I do as the primary nurse to be part of a therapeutic clinical plan of care? What can I say to add words of console in times of fear?How can I be proactive in the community to elevator a level of awareness concerning senseless acts of strength or the spread of disease and infection? Am I using the trump out possible unfertile techniques to facilitate the most optimal outcomes during wound care and other invasive procedures? A combination of clinical objectivity, personal knowing, and ethical/disciplinary knowing are utilized during clinical practice to ensure I deliver the best care I can to the patients that I serve. The Phenomenon of Interest that I would like to come on examine is as follows: Investigating the quality of life and health in infertility.\r\nWays of Knowing\r\nI choose to talk on this essay around how they have an Impact on my cultivate of getting knowledge are: 1) Emotion 2) Memory 3) agent I will start with sensation. I trust emotion has a great usance on all individuals process of getting knowledge. Thats because emotion Is interfering in our choices at all moments.For archetype: When I started writing this essay I had to choose three from seven ways of knowing, and my emotions play a tombstone role in this choice because I stop up choosing the ones I like the best, and now I will write a completely unlike say from which I would if I had chosen any other of the seven ways of knowing and this will have an push on my process of getting knowledge. Another daily sample of when emotion comes into its delimitat e role is when we come into the position of having to choose where we are going to eat, at which eatery.Emotion capability lead us to choose our favorite restaurant other than arduous out a new restaurant and this is avoiding us to try out new experiences, learn new food tastes and therefrom emotion again has an concussion on my/everybody process of acquiring knowledge. However emotion might also have a dogmatic impact on ones process of acquiring knowledge. For example, I once traveled to New Zealand and had the chance to bungee Jump. My parents told me not to jump, they were scared that I could hurt myself Jumping, alone my emotions told me that I should Jump, that It would be a good experience, something new.And so I did. Exposed myself to something new and therefore learned something, acquired knowledge. And all this positive acquiring of knowledge was plainly possible because my emotion told me to jump, to try something new. I imagine retention has a very negative rol e on an individuals process of acquiring knowledge. Thats due to the fact the many times people try something out and have a negative experience and this first negative experience stays in their retrospect and blocks them from trying this actively again and by chance having a positive second experience.I myself have many example of a blocking first negative experience. For example: When I was a kid, I tried this Russian food called â€Å"standoff once and didnt like it, because of this experience I have never tried it again and this has avoided me from mayhap having a positive second experience and possibly liking the dish very much, but the memory from the first negative experience has blocked me from ever having the second try. However memory can have some positive proceedss on an Individuals process of aqualung knowledge.For example: You might not have seen a friend for a long time, and you pass by him on the street. If it wasnt for your memory you might not recognize him and call his attention so that you 2 could meet each other after so many years and chat. If it wasnt for your memory (which allowed you to recognize your friend) you would not be able to meet him and chat with him, therefore you would not learn what he has been up as well In the last hardly a(prenominal) years.This recognition allowed an encounter which opens has been up too in the last few years). Reason is very similar to emotion, they are associate in a way, some say they are opposites. Reason is present in every ending we make. Using the example from emotion about the restaurants, campaign might be present. For example: You might chose in the midst of restaurant A and restaurant B because restaurant A serves a type of food you like the best, thats evidence involved in your Judgment.But how can reason out affect your process of acquiring knowledge? Well, when examine for a test, you might be un inflexible whether to learning from a defy or study from the internet. When v ictorious this decision you will (maybe even unconsciously) use reason to decide whether to study from a platter or from the internet, and when you do so you will accordingly have effectively affected your process of acquiring knowledge, as you will now be acquiring knowledge for your test from a varied source.One personal example of how reason has affected my process of acquiring knowledge was when I was undecided whether to buy a book called â€Å"How to rap” or a book called â€Å"The www-tang manual(a)(a)”. I used reason on decision making which book to buy, Judging the pros and the cons of each book. And I ultimately decided to buy â€Å"How to rap”. This truly had an impact on my process of acquiring knowledge because I am now acquiring knowledge from the book â€Å"How to rap” but if my reason process had decided that â€Å"The www-tang manual” was a better book then I would be acquiring knowledge from â€Å"The www-tang manual†.Therefore reason helped me choose between two different sources of knowledge and now I am acquiring knowledge from one of them and not the other, therefore my process of acquiring knowledge has be affected. Reason might not always make you make the best decisions, it all depends on how youre reasoning process is made, but it surely happens in every decision we cake, dear like emotion. As a conclusion, I deliberate that all seven ways of knowing has an impact on an individuals process of acquiring knowledge.Some might be positive sometimes and some might be negative sometimes, but they are always winning a role, no matter if positively or negatively in or decisions and in or process of acquiring knowledge. The seven ways of knowing are present in or day to day lives (as seen in the examples given) and therefore it this important to understand how these impact our process of acquiring knowledge so that we can have better control of the effect these take in our life.\r\n'

'Endgame\r'

'Endgame The Hegelian translation of tragedy is defined as earnest intentions willing collide in a finite surface area where those adept intentions will develop a tragedy. Beckett’s Endgame can be included deep down the definition of the Hegelian tragedy. Both main characters in the play had good intentions, however were formed done obligations. These good intentions through obligation do the allegory suitable to be a Hegelian tragedy. The characters good intentions were shown throughout the play. Both Hamm and clove tree depended on all(prenominal) other to survive. They were both afraid to leave to each one other and be left alone.Clove admits that Hamm became a beget figure to him and he once loved him but not anymore, but he has nowhere else to go. also Hamm points out that Clove stays with him out of compassion. Nagg depends in general on his wife, Nell. He would only wake up from his garbage bins to tell the same story to his wife and attempt to give her a kiss. However Nell dependance is the past. Nell in the play represents life where in this oddball of story it is unlikely to see. The script and the consume make Hamm’s parents look more childlike and ducky like.The play had several themes, which consist of no liaisonness, loneliness, and the overall constitution of beginnings and endings in other words- life and death. The repeated lines such as â€Å"finished” and â€Å"zero” represents Hamm, the protagonist, wanting to accept in death but he is in addition scare to finish the â€Å"endgame”. The script made me think the characters were trapped in this small inexorable hole full of nothingness, which emphasizes the emptiness of the play. However, in the film there was light sexual climax from the two windows. removed the windows, there is â€Å"zero” nature, which also processs to illustrate the emptiness of play.Another archetype of emptiness macrocosm represented in the play, is that there was absolutely no sound coming from the outside or inside in the film, just for the character’s voices. The killing of the rat and flea demonstrates the beginnings and endings of the play. Hamm told Clove to kill the flea because he is afraid of the rebirth of humanity. The symbolise directions in the script represent Hamm and Clove’s fear of escaping. In the film, when Hamm directs Clove to move him sustain to the center of the room after being pushed around the room, is one example of Hamm’s fear of escaping the room.Another example is Clove’s failed attempts to leave the room to go to the kitchen. In the film, it showed Clove’s many hesitations sooner leaving the room. Even though the characters had good intentions to help each other survive the â€Å"endgame”, the tragic flaws were overpowering. Nagg mentions in the play that since birth Hamm has always being afraid of loneliness. Clove finally had courage to overlook but eventually returns because he didn’t surrender enough courage to end one thing and start a new beginning someplace else. Hegelian tragedy suited the Endgame because the characters good intentions collided in this finite dark hole.\r\n'