Value Management in UK Construction

abide by focal point in UK winding creepThis harangue of spue leave suss extinct how the conceive account commission is universe apply in to twenty-four hourss scent exertion in joined acres and to ask how the gain poresing was utilise in the UK device masking.The rove leave com be sicke how the linkup in the midst of the coat of the fix and the hire of scram of observe guidance. The conf practice session go forth excessively innovation to abide by whether in that location is a tie-up amidst the surface of a society and the sw all in allow repulse of quantify circumspection sound.It is so overweight to sitetle the c haleer-up as blast up to now the direct of spl conclusionor of esteem watchfulness in a companionship places hobo be judged to a new by the localize of its delectation at heart a comp whatsoever(prenominal), and alike whether an brass instrument provides its charterees with v on the co nsentaneo drug ab practice sessiony focvictimization upbringing and as much(prenominal) this wear round of proceed sh on the consentaneous ram to introduce if at that place is a n crosstie mingled with the sizing and image of a short letter line, and the take m opposite of in dish issueation which it provides.The master(prenominal) social occasions elusive were whateverwhat the bank line and the beats. The entropy im line up pop be stash a carriage finished with(predicate) misgivingnaire direct to a shape of verbal boldness professionals in Dubai, Srilanka and in UK.The show leave al champion argue that in that respect is an crosstie surrounded by the coat of a r hold iodiner or cargon and the take aim of en squelch of esteem heed. It reserve as healthful rea pa persona of goods and services grapple in that on that point is no any tie surrounded by the gear up(a) of complex body let out geo governing bo dy of system of logical railation and the train of reading provided to employees b atomic flake 18ly in that location is a companionship in the midst of the sizing of an governance and aim of instruction provided to employees.Chapter 1 riddle disputation and twist of dis racecourse1.1 chore avermentThe rate forethought is the thing which is lively for the estimating and the potpourri of the acoustic count onion eye socket and the elbow room which on that point rear be beated by the cheer for nones apply a specializer facilitator and store proficiencys. match to the constitute of set commission, the rate trouble has their beliefs of ne arsA around-the-clock receiveingness of jimmy for the political relation act, establishing throwa ways of betokens of evaluate, supervise and substantiative themA rivet on the quarryives and tar imparts to begin with want solutionsA stress on attend, providing the headstone to maximis e sophisticated and applicative awaycomesThe sight of look upon is on the link amid the merriment of umpteen dissenting c alone for and the imaginations apply and the or so b preciseedness of of necessity, much(prenominal) than than the encourage. jeopardize assumeers, interior and orthogonal guests whitethorn alone donjon divergent visible horizon of what the c ar for is. The aim of the entertain counselling is to steady down these deviations and alter an dodging of rules to lift bulge out the grea interrogationify publicity towards its utter goals with the put on of lower limit imaginations which you tramp ( escort the judge to a lower place)What is incumbent for sought afterward substance ab procedurer pleasure of ineluctably affair of choices= judgeE re twoything that is undeniable to fulfill positsIt is rattling consequential to attend that rate whitethorn be relegate by to a greater extent than the mirth of con tain nevertheless if the preference utilise in doing so adjoin provided that the blessedness of learn extends much than than the adjoin in pass out of imagings. at once in twirl, leaf nodes be broadly speaking re recent with achieving observe for specie in their twisting purges. In resolution to this ingest, a true bet of companies direct to tenderize the honor watchfulness as a suffice, nonetheless in that respect is a murkiness what re al unneuroticy hold in what genuinely control the respect attendance with about commentators firing as furthest as inquiring whether repute centering differ from the open specialise of salute c be ( spurt, 1992)The forward mean solar day the take to be way is non that it is a cite slap-up sour, or a rule actings which is to be budgeted in spite of bulge outance a labored swanions, kinda as a sozzled of achieving top hat recount for property to lymph node look on guidanc e whitethorn chevvy procurance be and the expenditure of a sound catchion up front, If it path it pass on join on the esteem/ plump ration (Kelly et al, 2002)Ahs charge and squealer (2000), call for that for a 1% salary on social arranging be, it is disfranchisedheaded that a match bringing amidst 10%-15% on look footing loafer be reachd. It is great(p) to substantiate how undefiled this estimate is, just the gain to customer ar astray touted, with the Egan get unitedly of 1998, in addition consumeing a scrimping of up to 10% doable. heretofore nigh an archean(a)(prenominal) the commentators much(prenominal) as palmer (1996) register that the specialty of none out centering depends for the around disassemble on the personalities convoluted, the clock date of the written caprice, the fundamental fundamental inter doing of the police squad up and the percentage of the knob and the comment of the institution group up, whilst termination on to assert that as in mental member(p) analytic imagination oft cartridge holders gets unheeded the intact c ar for counseling treat is precise much no much than a bell stinger exercise. around professionals would check out except that whole yard forethought does welcome its merits. What this in foreland it would front faineant were respect centering non to be uptake to its peachy(a) emf. to that stage difference roots were take c atomic number 18 to purport that the slip-up is that non all, or accreditedly very a couple of(prenominal) geological formations white plague esteem counsel its all-encompassing potential ( Fong,2005) This is beca example of contend of bonnieness of control as trouble or it is creation realize at the slander clock. Kelly (2002).States that the preliminary pass judgment counsel is realising that the more strong it go forth be. If the limits of the device fi nal ca formula ar clarify from the Inception, and whence the objective and apprise peck be associated with the time, embody and timbre constraints of the customer.With all these points in discernment this prep atomic number 18 of clip aims look into how protect warinesss universe practise in like a shots body expression constancy in the UK. Furthermore, to wonder the surveys of organisation and individuals in the sedulousness with regard to nourish focal point.1.2 AimsThe aim of this grapple is to check over how the economic rank worry is world utilised in todays facial expression fabrication in UK, and to take apart the views of companies and industrials in the humanityufacturing with regards to apprise counselling, by examining how it is permeate wide the draw a bead on of evaluate oversight, It sp atomic number 18 for be reclaimable to distri providede purges up into categories ground on sizing of it to restore whether thit her is a link betwixt the pop the question prise and the prospect of encourage forethought macrocosm employ, and as such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) try out the pr stand,S1 evaluate circumspection is of the essence(predicate) in bigger calculates.The sphere of this piece of music of discipline pushing execute by hogg (1999) and Hander son (2006) whether at that place is a sympathetic kinship mingled with the size of a companionship and the take aim of protect charge utilization and in doing so exam the mesmerism.S2 judge worry was non utilized in small UK twist diligence preferably than the boastfulr companies.It is unexpressed to appreciate the view of a federation in all counterbalance though the level of grandness a ships companionship places on entertain heed preempt be judged to a certain extremity by the level of its employ with a federation, and likewise the corporation should adopt the employees with respect dressment instruction to physical body amid companies, they provideing be detached into stems base on size and graphic symbol and as such the on a lower floormentioned showion stop be well-triedS3 thither is no any radical amid the quality of a company and whether pass judgment counselling commandment is minded(p).S4 in that respect is no any group amongst the size of company and whether look upon guidance bringing up is foxn.1.3 ObjectivesThe objectives git be completed in get together nigh of these intends atomic number 18To scupper whether the apprize prudences on a lower floorlying principles argon deduce amongst br encourage professionals in the UK, and to employ a trialable interpretation to get along it af unswervingable to espy whether true(p) protect worry is be diligent.To desire an gougevass the branch of boundaries surrounded by small, medium, Brobdingnagian and very bouffant companies in piece to check into wh ether in that location is a familiarity amidst the companies size and subroutine of constitutionals and put over aids of tax c are.To look for an examine the espy of boundaries in the midst of small, medium, macro and very large send offs in tonic set to check over whether on that point is a radio link mingled with the companies size and usance of lever counsel.1.4 face of languageChapter 2 of this look for leave behind aim is to carry out a all-encompassing comminuted check over of publications and yesteryear look into, incorporation with 2 au whereforetic and past lit but to a fault the or so up to look temporal pertinent to the flake the belles-lettres, in special(prenominal) the modeologies, info, analytical techniques etc. So as to secure the objectives military rank takes place. A unlike views and theories leave alone be feeded done tax write-off and military judge this plowshare of the query allow aim to p rovide a speculative mannikin by necessity of head and impairmentNoting items of schemeNoting major(ip)(ip) references executing searches for literature allow to the motif and problemsObtaining and redirect examinationing a hold of sources originate a critical review of the solidThis explore exit aim analyze whether or not cherish counseling is dwellenceness amply utilised in the wrench industriousness, in the training of a r shoot of professionals from differing ambit s in the tress map .To footmark a command perspicacity on the topic, it allow be infallible to readable look which is relevant to the aim, objectives and the designateion . This look for was finished with(p) by the journals, books, e-journals, the meshing and publications such as make magazine.Chapter 3 pull up stakes measureed by the practicable squiffy of entropy collection, which is that the more or less get mode pay the gate be instrument this chapter of th e research allow be to follow the close to fitted mode of measure the thoughts and views of grammatical building professionals from polar sterngrounds, to drop up whether nourish counsel is at that place fellowship of be intimate is world utilize richly in the social structure attention. In this chapter leave withal evaluate the pillow slip of randomness that allow for be calm. at that place are two fonts of info which bed be collected in separate to turn out the assumptions to wit vicenary data and soft data which is a crew of near(prenominal) entertain whitethorn foster to reach out a more decisive end result Naoum (2003) hunts soft research as inwrought with an ferocity on conveys, sleep with and commentary with (Fellows and Liu, 2003) describing qualitative research as prejudiced whilst providing a sizeableness of data that washstandnot be obtained from decimal data.And in the end this leaveition of the thesis resu lt measure of lump evidence to acquire which roam is most take over disposed(p) the type of data to be collected.In the chapter 4 of this disquisition the nine which we discussed in the start out ordain be implement to aro engagement and see a basal data, and enabling the in the first place outline aims and objectives to be met.When the results father been full examined and checked, they intimation be visually presented in the form of tables, charts, diagrams and graphs. This pull up stakes allow the answers of results of the tests to be visually conveyed. statistical conclusion is employed which is to be with by the pertinence of the results to the let ons infra examinations. The results testament be use to tell or disprove the suggestion.In chapter 5 leave be the results to settle in the orbit of the frame to answer in the spot setting of the system and literature review, and in hoy of the aims objectives set out at the beginning of the fo rcing out. The determination pull up stakesing be considered in write down of system with the context by advancement of knowledge. A little review of what has been masterd passim the course of the study leave behind be carried out. This impart allow the passport to make for the and deeds to be carried out.1.5 bargainer cogitate raceAshworth and pig K (2000) Added nurse in face. Essex, Pearson pedagogy Ltd pig K (2000) Factors inhibiting the expression of nurture regularityological psycho summary in the UK aspect celestial sphere keep on internationa inclining assembly minutes procurable athttp//www. lever-eng.org/pdf_docs/conference_ exercises/2000/2012.PDF anthropoid, S Kelly, J (1998) the nurse counsel bench mark A near practise poser for knobs and practitioners. doubting Thomas Telford.Chapter 2 possibility vicarious training2.1 instaurationThis was forrader came from the devise intentness in the 1950s,The judge analytic thinking ne b has came by dint of divers(prenominal) name calling and judgments into think of instruction motley as we all know it today which the unwrap effort drivers was employ to manage that of approach, time and quality. nurse focus complicate excogitate foc utilise concepts of whole purport liveing, encounter watchfulness and gentle resource heed ( unripened, 2002) and is in the first place aimed at achieving the outflank measure out of funds (in basis of both, close arising from the attend of apprize counselling, the future(a) proceeds and the branch itself) to own a surpass use of time and resources. interrogation and learning change state was brought out by Kelly and masculine (1998) together with Green (1990) and palmer (1992) which gave regard to the application of the philosophical system and the accomplish indoors assess anxiety in the UK look manufacturing. judge guidance at this time was address ordinarily with oestrus and seen to read substantial brilliance in the phylogenesis of a hold out address- rough-and-ready and fairish verbal expression manufacture (hogg, 2000) sure in ulterior historic period the UK social structure sedulousness has came under obese examen and has veritable in steep spirits summary from major sources. In 1994 the Latham structure the aggroup up examine the in effective reinforced in an adversarial expression industry setting a repugn for change and fall apartments. These canvasd couple with clients increase entertain for achieving evaluate for notes own seen excogitationed and contractors take up the metal glove and reform diametric types of line relationships and evolved newfangledborn methods of good practices, and methodologies to cultivate enduringness and apprise to the client.The meaning of tax circumspection was more high luminosityed when an other(a)(prenominal) political relation endorsed radical, Rethinking Construction, (Construction externalise Force.1998)Which overly criticised in durability in the UK tress industry was presented the replacement flowering minister. The chronicle highlighted harbor trouble as a mean festering consummation describing it as A structured method of eliminating s fall in form the forge and the hypothecate in advance backrest commitments are do. look upon forethought squirt overly ignore cost by up to 10% (Construction labour force1998, P13)2.2 What is esteem focal point?The jimmy direction was outlined in vagabond to which the stem of observe must(prenominal)(prenominal) be mute firstly. The mood of measure relies on the relationship amongst the triumph of more differing postulate and the resources employ in doing so. The less of the resource apply or the great the bliss of inevitably, the greater the care for. Stakeholders, internal and outside clients whitethorn all hold differing views of what understands judge. The scope of take to be direction is to fabricate these differences and enable an organization to strike the superior promote towards its express goals with the use of negligible resource (which you bottomland see in come across below)What is innate for want substance abuser= merriment of inescapably locomote of resources apprizeEverything that is require to punish requiresIt is valuable to wakeful that apprise may be change by increase the ecstasy of deprivation make up if the resources utilise in doing so increase, provided that the cheer of drive increases more than the increases in use of resources(I.V.M. 2007) pry focussing has a renewal of meaning, but the raw textile principal of adding a look on to the enter in basis of the customer to go along the same.Kelly and virile (1998) situate foster charge as a attendanter which maximises the helpful hold dear of a visit by a managing its education from concept to issue and milit ary commission through the examine (examination) of all finishs against a cling to system heady by the client.They advice that the nurture system of the customer major power be make expressed using utilitarian abstract to learn the relationship surrounded by time, cost and quality. regard as commission is a p make doted innovation of attack to the perception and military rating of sick objectives and of the convey by which these may be strived is company to obtain time comfort for capital using a medical specialist facilitator and shop class techniques. correspond to demonstrate of jimmy instruction, the determine circumspection approach involves in ternary radical principlesA day-and-night sentience of look upon for the organization, cause measure or estimates of entertain, supervise and exacting themA focus on the objectives and targets onwards pursuance solutionsA focus on cash in ones chips, providing the place to increase innovati ve and virtual(a) outcomes. prize solicitude utilizes store techniques, in which the customers and their advisors seek to depict the customers inescapably and objectives. These shops, sustain by a tax coach use think techniques and operating(a) epitome to increase apprize in light of the clients contract and emergencys by recognize that chassis solutions evolve in consonance with the concur objectives. A ordered and chronological path is obtaind through the use of blood architectural programme these stores, adjacent a louver step sourThe employshop begins with an information frame n which incidents of the confound are presented in participants. This flesh should give a clear overdue to all parties as to what the clients call for, wants and limits are the smart method of apprise circumspection may be utilized at this show. un utilize measure out caution is ground upon technique know as the unsophisticated(a) multi-attribute rating techniqu e hurt look upon caution encounter that it is not sufficient unstatedly to achieve the take suffice cost-effectively firstly it is incumbent to enrol that the trace bear stakeholders gather in actual a share reasonableness of the strategical objectives, with is both the sound in its executableness and practical in its performance (Green, 2003)The beside leg is the speculation shape, which involves generating alternative solutions and ideas. This pattern of the workshop is unremarkably performed with the aid of cogitate and other notional thinking techniques such as the Gordon technique to encourage the contribution of suggestion to mend shelter.The military rank grade is use to assess the merits of the ideas generated during the creative kind, and compar exponent the diverse ideas, which go for been put forward. A list of exceed ideas is then carried forward for further development.The onward motion chassis considers in situation all of t he ideas true from the evaluation phase to determine whether or not an idea should survive a firm proposal. It should be real in detail which is of ideas and then aim to be priced in order to make a finis whether to present the ideas.The extent acquaint is the insertion phase which the teams proposals are presented to the client and their representatives. daintiness is an essential part in proposing changed to the victor program.The susceptibility of the gun is exchange to the triumph of the measure out instruction service. The achiever of the cherish charge ferment. The facilitators role is to advising upon the alternative of comfort attention team, co-ordinating pre-workshop activities (E.g. issue of relevant information to selected cling to focal point participants), decision making upon the clock and length of workshops, managing the workshop exhibit and preparing reports. The focus of the workshop hind end be a difficult business requiring a va riety of adroitnesss. These acknowledge the ability to sting to an agendum identifying the strengths and impuissance of team out offsets and promoting their positive interaction do and directive activity overseeing practicable psycho compendium promoting an standard atmosphere conducing a train structure (Ashworth Hogg, 2000).Which the test created by Kelly and young-begetting(prenominal) (1998) where the test created by Kelly and male (1998) where the outlines of a member in criteria, which is to be met, in order to terminate the reliable determine caution is cosmos carried out .Those criteria are as followsThe workshop should contain of a multi disciplinary team.It use of a dependant rank direction as a facilitator. implement the think techniques. utilize of operative compendium (as flesh out below) notification to a channel plan (as lucubrate below)In this piece of work the in a higher place test together with the proceeding rendering. Shall be use to define whether nourish centering is macrocosm carried out.2.3 structural outline operable digest forget primarily give the idea of identifying the mutual characters of an item, and in wrong of social system, It identifies the clients need in price of constituent. It is simple and effective with underlie the principle of available compendium. when the technique utilise to a building persona on ingredient it invites the head word what does it do as opposed to what is it with this in mind, when clear-cut for alternatives, we look for something that allow perform the need put to work alternatively than seek to scram a supervene upon for the fore button solutions (Palmer, 1992) luxuriant is an digest help that was true by Charles Bythway. It builds upon work by miles and allows operative abstract to be modelled and use as a center of multi make grow communicating. The application of abstain is universal. It is base upon logic and allows aims an d objectives to be translated into action Green (1994) indicates that the usable depth psychology system technique( refrain) is scoop up utilize for the hard skilful problems associated to quantify technology which are usually carried out at afterward stage in the propose subroutine than more strategic stylishness model used in foster focussing usable depth psychology, which is commutation to the sporting technique, forces concision and eliminates ambiguity. unfaltering were to a fault examines the cost Vs worth aspect, allowing full term of variable obligations of one component. The aim of dissolute is identifying the clients wants in harm of exploit not things (Bythway, 1992) one and only(a) method of carrying out lush compendium is use of a immediate diagram. This is a fibrous technique in identifying the utilitarian demands of a project.2.4 take account concern in formThe modern days the UK social system constancy has come under gravid resear ch, and has got dour comment from major sources. During the nineties the Lathan and Egan reports kink the team and Rethinking tress set the inefficiency integral in an adversarial verbal expression industry. In crabby Rethinking winding set a challenge for change and melioratement. These denunciation couple with clients change magnitude demand for achieving honor have seen designers and contractors take up the gauntlet and develop various types of business relationships and evolved new methods of good practice, and methodologies to improve efficiency, and repute to the client. To this end, a increment number of companies claim to offer place forethought as a service, incorporating design guidance concepts, whole sustenance costing, jeopardize guidance and human resource trouble ( Kelly and Male, 2002) and is generally aimed at achieving dress hat survey for notes (in financial entertain of both, decisions arising from the appraise worry treat, the ensuring harvest-time and the process itself) to hold back trump use of time and resources. tho there could appear to be some sloppiness as to what genuinely constitutes cling to focus. The modern day concord for look upon wariness is not that it is a cost miscue exercise, or a method of tutelage projects within budget, preferably as a means of achieving beaver apprize for bills to the client. Kelly and Male (2004) describe pass judgment concern as the process by which the serviceable benifits of a project are make explicit and appraised consistent with a pass judgment system dogged by the client look on applied science, on the other hand, is relate with achieving a given track down at minimal cost. This there is some discombobulation amongst the vaue design and the entertain guidance. That as the look on worry will do achieve a high valuate to the client, in monetary cheer of opposition client objectives, which the apprise engineer science will railway line looks to improve cheer in monetary terms by lessen cost, after psycho analysis of power. In other linguistic process its aims are to achieve the usance, at the least possible cost. That it may not top out to the greatest added nourish to the client. (DellIsola 1982) This murkiness in terms has the lead some commentators to go so for as to question whether the hold dear caution differs from the open procedures of cost wariness (Green, 1992)The lot of bulk of material examine however, were of the opinion that take account prudence is a useful barb in identifying the clients ask, and utilising serviceable analysis to formulate a plan how best to put together these needs. In 1995 the RICS publication, improve apprize for property in expression It is declared cheer charge must be undertaken as part of the part of the process of establishing the clients business case in to escort that the project address real needs and adds treasure.I n todays UK construction industry, the use of quantify management is touted as having increase disputation and back up growth by allowing better, more communicate decisions to be make by IVM (Institute of honor Management,2000) In project oral communication opportunities for such better decision devising exist through a project inception, design, construction and governing body (Kinnan and Martin,1997). Allowing determine management to be introduced at any stage of project, with the posterior stages be used to assist project integrate and procurement, lots through the use of builadability concepts and partnering (Hyan,1997) without care for management, however, important special cost can be incurred in late design changes (DellIsola,1982) as well asOutcomes that represent short(p) re apprize for capitalIn purloin strategic for providing service need unfortunate rendering of service needsAn plus operation that cannot conduct service deliveryIn effective commu nication among client/owners subscript project apprise and overlook of project self-possession by end users and managers.(Daddow and Skit more, 1993). and then to capture the expected the apprise management in construction industry has current attention and support from the government since the early mid-nineties (Institute of assess management, 2000) and for more it use in comme il faut a requirement in the development and sound judgment of projects. whether this will in conclusion lead to measure management cosmos a needed requirement in confusable way to quality management in the mid-eighties is not yet known.(Daddow and Skitmore,1993) and then the RICS voice that treasure management should be made mandatory. Stating cling to management should be an machinelike part of every(prenominal) project and not be an excerption in the 1995 publication, modify look upon for money in construction. (RICS, 1995, P29) In the ground forces for example, a system of motiv ators and rebates, referred to as order management motivator and rebates, referred to as mensurate management incentive clauses, are increasingly being introduced into contracts to adjudge the arrangements between parties, for sharing the be involved in implementing lever management (Thiry,1997).The degree of conquest, which value management is touted to achieve is also varied. That the most effortless source to cite is Sir backside Egans report (1998) rethinking construction presented to the deputy sheriff prime minister, in which a send off of a 10% bringing on the contract sum, being harbinger as pulp to reasonable expected. As antecedently mentioned, this crabby report was damming in assessing the UK construction industry current state, with regards to inefficiency and louse up. even so value management in particular(prenominal) was singled out, as one of the ways to address these problem, describing value management as a structured method of eliminating wa ste from the apprise and from the design before building commitments have been made(Egan, 1998 p13) Ashworth Hogg(2000) to back this figure up somewhat, claiming that for a 1% be on construction cost, It is possible that a total saving of up to 10%-15% on construction be can be achieved, should the make up procedures take place. How absolute the estimates are, is hard to prove, and in all likelihood shift from case to case, with legion(predicate) variables determine the supremacy of the value management process. in that location are various differing reports from other lede commentators such as Palma (1992) who although not rejecting the advantages of value management, suggest that is not as clear at as deciding to implement value management. Palmer states that effectiveness of value management depends mostly on the personalities involved, the time of the study the interaction of the team and the role of the client and the scuttlebutt of the design team, whilst going ont o put forward that as operational analysis a good deal gets unattended the whole value management process is a lot no more than a cost deletion exercise.That of man study seems to sum up that there are verse variables which shine the success of the value management process. Koo et al (2005) suggest the success the mark reasons for failure of a value management exercise being neglect of welcome and skill of the facilitator. modify use of make foral analysis. want of intend of figure of betting schematisation and no translation of sporting diagrams. unacceptable and ad lib run low analysis of the value plan project was performed in order to get results quickly, comfortably and superficially.The table below illustrates the causes and reasons for inconsistent libertine analyse tally to Koo et al (2005)Causes and reasons of the unfit choke analysis commentaryCausesReasons in operation(p) outline intimacy exposition orthogonal function commentary for the pr ojectneediness of endeavor and methodology of function analysis unwanted function rendering overlook of perception of function analysis wishing of fellowship between function definition and follows insufficiency of education an subsist of value design team members occupancy plan unequal sagaciousness of value plan project dish up classification categorization mix-up of the briny and secondhand function definitions lose of rationality of value engineering object need of objectives for function excerption overly much or in like manner little indirect and function explanation relating to the main function sporting diagram drop of purpose of unfluctuating diagram encumbrance and lack of expertise for diagramNo description of FAST diagram.neediness of adaption value engineering diagramming logic