Comparing Two Charity Leaflets Essay -- Papers

Comparing Two Charity Leaflets Comp atomic number 18 the advertising leaflet for Christian Aid with the leaflet produced by the rspca. Analyse how the different charities try to persuade their audience to change their view, and/or do something to back up them, and the difficulties the charities face. Examine and comment on their effectiveness. The purpose of this essay is to differentiate two charity leaflets and to analyse the effectiveness and impact that they beat on the audience. I will be comparing how they persuade the audience to act or think differently. The two charity adverts I will be comparing are those produced for Christian Aid, which is a humanitarian organisation, and the rspca (the Royal Society for the Prevention of ruthlessness to Animals), which is an animal welfare organisation. Charities are there for support. The main purpose of them is to improve livelihoods and help people or animals that are less fortunate, fighting to surv ive. Charities operate in different communities and each organisation has a unique way of helping. Without these charities many people and animals all over the world would be suffering and most of them would have no hope of living. People give to charities for many reasons Some feel guilty that there is suffering in the world and feel that it is their duty to help prevent this suffering. Other people feel sympathetic. Some of the worlds major religions state that believers must donate to charity, as it is their moral duty towards God to do so. A charity usually focuses on one target and raises awareness about just one particular issue. For example there are charities preventing child laugh at (nspcc)... ... to call or booklets to send off for. The audience will see that the rspca is an organised charity and this will encourage them to donate some money. Both of these adverts are very effective. They are attractive and informative. However, I believe t hat the Christian Aid leaflet is more appealing than the rspca advert. This is because the reader can relate more to the consequences of non having basic amenities and access to clean water and food. This advert would receive a lot of support and donations from the audience as the reader could imagine what it is the likes of to live in those conditions. They would feel sympathetic towards the victims of this charitys project. The shocking images also persuade the reader to support this charity as they reveal to the reader what the world is in truth like and encourages them to help.

Anne Hutchinson and the Consequences of Misreading :: Anne Hutchinson Essays

Anne Hutchinson and the Consequences of Misreading METHODOLOGY Literary historicism, in the context of this discussion, describes the interpretation of literary or historical texts with respect to the cultural and impermanent conditions in which they were produced. This means that the text not but catalogues how individuals respond to their particular circumstances, but also chronicles the movements and inclinations of an age as expressed in the rhetorical devices of its literature. Evaluating the ladder of Anne Hutchinson within such a theoretical framework means speculating on the genesis of her theological beliefs with recourse to prevailing theories of gender, class, and interpretation. Because texts atomic number 18 self-contained spheres of discourse, nuanced interpretations of them can be undertaken with greater assiduity than in the case of individuals whose private experiences remain largely concealed from the interpreters knowledge. A historical abstract of Anne Hut chinson herself is hence, in the present discussion, secondary to the analysis of how she comes across in textual discourse as a palimpsest of seventeenth century gender controversy. According to David M. Carr, the history of Scriptural interpretation indicates that religious texts are popular candidates for reinterpretation and, as such, are spaces wherein the personal identity of the reader frequently inscribes itself at length It is the reader and his or her interpretive community who attempts to impose a unified reading on a given text. Such readers may, and probably will, claim that the unity they find is in the text, but this claim is only a mask for the creative process actually going on. Even the most carefully designed text can not be unified only the readers attempted taming of it. Therefore, an attempt to use seams and shifts in the biblical text to discover its textual precursors is based on a fundamentally faulty assumption that bingle might recover a stage of the te xt that lacked such fractures (Carr 23-4).I do not so much wish to emphasize the deconstructive rhetoric of this access code as the fact that religious texts lend themselves to creative readings that originate in the readers experiences or historical circumstances. In other words, the history of Scriptural interpretation exemplifies the texts consumption as a space where emerging ideologies may be refigured and incorporated into an authoritative cultural tradition. One may think of the genesis of such readings in terms of Harold Blooms notion of literary succession as an act of creative correction, the difference in this case being that Anne Hutchinsons creative act involves reviewing the Scripture itself and filiation spiritual knowledge from a finite textual canon (Bloom 30).

Waiting in the Unemployment Line :: descriptive essay, observation essay

I am standing in line for unemployment arrive ats. There must be between four hundred to six hundred others here with me. Everyone here is a locked out Steelworkers from the Kaiser Mead plant. I see m whatsoever faces I know in the crowd. We are all here because the Washington State Unemployment office downtown cannot handle such a crowd. All the members were told by the Union that this was the day that we had to signup for a new benefit year. Everyone was told to meet at the Carpenters hall just off Division on Mission. The building is getting old and could use some maintenance. It is a cold dreary damp morning, and I am glad that I brought my coat along. The weather reflects the overall mood of the people in line. There is a lot of talking going on about what it is going to take to requlify for benefits. I think many fear that they will not receive any more checks from Unemployment.   This morning I got up early to make sure I could make it on time. The last time they locked the doors on the hour. This is the only day we have to do this, so I did not want to miss out. Without unemployment benefits, I would go under fast. This is true for most of the people in line. I dont think they thought this many of us would have made the mandatory $2,646. If they had used the same method for sign up that they used last October, this in all process would have been easier on everyone. Previously people with last names starting with A-H went at 900am, I-P at 1100am and so on. This kept it from comme il faut overcrowded like it is today.   After about ten minutes someone comes out of the building yelling, Go home if you have not made at to the lowest degree $2,800 since the benefit year started. The reason for this is because the state requires us to make six times our weekly benefit amount to be eligible for another benefit year. Of course no one let us know this until the benefits ran out in August. This left most steelworkers only a mo nth and a half(prenominal) to make the money.

Israel :: essays research papers

IsraelThe Official language for Israel is Hebrew. It is a very old languagedating concealment over 5000 years. The version that is spoken today is different thanthe kinda of Hebrew written in the Old Testament. The version spoken today iscommonly refered to as modern Hebrew.Since Israel is a Jewish state, naturally the main religion is going to beJudaism. There is also a lot of Muslims and Christians, but most of the populateare Jewish. Many of the Jewish Holiday are also national holidays, such as YomKippur, Purim, and Rosh Hashanah. One of the holidays exclusive to Israel isIndependence Day, where Israel celebrates its becoming a state.Israel Produces more crops such as figs, dates, apples, pairs, oranges, andolives. They are a very self-sufficient nation and do not need to import much.Probably the most renowned somebody in the country is the Prime Minister. Heis similar to a President. The current Prime Minister is Benjamin Netanyahu.One of his biggest problems right now is to try and talk over a peach agreementwith the arabs. Two of the biggest Ethnic groups, the Arabs and the Jews, havebeen fighting every since the Jews came to the land in the early 20th century.The Jews want Peace and the Arabs wanna forego the Jews out. One of the Biggestdebates is over the Mosque in Jerusalem. The Mosque is located right by theWhaling Wall, which is the remnants of an ancient Jewish Temple. They are bothmajor parts of each religion so they are fighting over who has ownership of what.In Israel they like many of the sports we do. Soccer, Basketball, Football,etc. They eat many of the same foods we do. Some of the foods native to thatarea of the human are Falafel, Hummus, Techina, and Shwarma.The population of Israel is roughly 6 million. Almost on sixth of thoselive in a city called Tel Aviv, the nations largest city. It is also a popularcity for jews because it is about 95% Jewish. It is in the north where thereare hills and mountains, the opposite of the South w here there is deserts andflat lands. The Dead Sea is the lowest elevated railway onEarth and it is located inIsrael.The Government is modeled after the British. With a parlaimentaryDemocracy. The Prime minister is elected by the people through an indirect take.The people vote on the party and the party with the most votes, then votes on

From the Bigs to NU: Performance Enhancement :: Journalism Essays

From the Bigs to NU Performance EnhancementFrom the very first time he touched the newest and hottest in a long line of medicate fads, Justin Hedrick, then high school running back, now star pitcher for the Northeastern baseball team, was swept up in the craze of ephedra.Looking back, he realizes what a fortunate decision he made to stop using the common muscle supplement linked to as many as clv deaths around the country since its introduction in the mid-1990s.Before (football) season, we used to cut down a little bit of weight in order to suffer how fast we could run or get our 40 times up a bit, he said. A couple of us running backs took it to see what it was like, and took it for near a month.We just got ripped, it was ridiculous. It was perfect, he added. Our 40s went up, everything that we were doing, the amount of time we were working everything increased and we were like, Ok, this stuff is awesome. After we played the season and were going to get on it following season, all the reports came out saying it was going to cause heart attacks. After exploreing it I was just a stupid, young, high school kid and I didnt look into it before. But, once you do, you realize its basically speed. You kind of frown upon that after awhile. I mean, its great for the time being, but once you research it you find out what it does and thats just scary.How does it work?Ephedra (also known as the Chinese herbal treatment ma huang), has been used in china for thousands of years. But, what makes it kick?In simple terms, the human body reacts to ephedra as it does to a surge of adrenaline, explains diet-pills-information.org. Adrenaline is the fight-or-flight hormone which is released by the body during the periods of stress and exercise. It speeds up heart rate and sends extra blood to muscles. The difference is that whereas an adrenaline rush typically belongs only a few minutes, the effects of ephedra can last for hours. Ephedra also stimulates the release of larg e quantities of adrenaline. Such a surge of adrenaline can make the heart beat even faster and eat oxygen that keeps the heart working resulting in heart strain or even heart attack.This process, according to numerous researchers, is an even greater danger when unite with caffeine, which is found in most ephedra-containing supplements.

From the Bigs to NU: Performance Enhancement :: Journalism Essays

From the Bigs to NU Performance EnhancementFrom the very first time he touched the newest and hottest in a long line of drug fads, Justin Hedrick, then high school running back, now star pitcher for the Northeastern baseball team, was swept up in the craze of ephedra.Looking back, he realizes what a fortunate decision he made to stop using the common brawn supplement linked to as many as 155 deaths around the country since its introduction in the mid-1990s.Before (football) season, we used to cut down a little bit of weight in order to see how fast we could run or get our 40 times up a bit, he said. A couple of us running backs took it to see what it was like, and took it for about a month.We unspoiled got ripped, it was ridiculous. It was perfect, he added. Our 40s went up, everything that we were doing, the amount of time we were working everything increased and we were like, Ok, this stuff is awesome. aft(prenominal) we played the season and were going to get on it next season , all the reports came out saying it was going to cause midriff attacks. After researching it I was just a stupid, young, high school kid and I didnt look into it before. But, once you do, you realize its basically speed. You kind of frown upon that after awhile. I mean, its great for the time being, but once you research it you find out what it does and thats just scary.How does it work?Ephedra (also known as the Chinese herbal treatment ma huang), has been used in China for thousands of years. But, what makes it kick?In simple terms, the human body reacts to ephedra as it does to a charge of adrenaline, explains diet-pills-information.org. Adrenaline is the fight-or-flight hormone which is released by the body during the periods of stress and exercise. It speeds up heart rate and sends extra blood to muscles. The difference is that whereas an adrenaline rush typically lasts still a few minutes, the effects of ephedra bed last for hours. Ephedra also stimulates the release of large quantities of adrenaline. Such a surge of adrenaline can make the heart beat even faster and deplete oxygen that keeps the heart working resulting in heart strain or even heart attack.This process, according to numerous researchers, is an even greater danger when combined with caffeine, which is found in most ephedra-containing supplements.

Final Strategic Planning Essay

In any(prenominal) business, there ar strategies in place to make indisputable the business is a success. This is how healthy-be aimdly Happy condescend screech plans to run and execute plans for success. This go with is in the process of creating a harvest-time unlike any another(prenominal) on the market. Our aim is to do as much inquiry as strikeed to render this production for dogs so that they can live healthier, happier lives. To do this, the ships guild has made motherd to begin with hiring the best possible peck to do the jobs required at Happy Healthy BOW WOW.This federal agency scientists, researchers, properly trained maintenance and clean-up crew, analysts, and people just to run day-to-day operations. The caller go place also hire a marketing team when it is getting ready to launch to make convinced(predicate) the product team markets it properly before final launch to get the information to the public. In the meantime, iodine strategy the comp any plans to use is the media. The company entrust give tours of the facility strongly and build the research existence performed and how clean and state of the art the facility is.All of this is free advertising that the company involve because of such a high cost of the research and facility. Another strategy the company plans to use and is in the process of doing is reaching out to get research money from the government and other entities to help fund the project. The company is receiving government funds shortly and plans on putting them directly into research as enjoin in the grant. The company is also working closely with other agencies for non-profit such as the ASPCA to raise funds for further research.In turn, the company go forth be donating some products for the ASPCA to use on animals they rescue. The company also wants to donate and pair with local and eventually nationwide animal shelters to help animals in need because this is the companys top priority. To hel p make dogs healthy, and a healthy well wreakn c are of dog is a happy dog. This is also a right smart to use the media because if the company receives a lot of camera time of all the good work it is doing to help animals it provide help boost sales. In addition, this lead get the product out to other main companies such a Purina, Iams, and PetCo.These are all great companies with good reputations that Happy Healthy BOW WOW plans to team with in the future. If the company receives donations from some of these types of companies with a plan to integrate it leave make the company very sound to the public very quickly. This is because they are companies that people in the community trust and respect. Another strategic sound plan for gaining more access to funds for research is to begin to develop and oblige the product a step further. Happy Healthy BOW WOW wants to start by making the product for all types of positron emission tomographys not just dogs.It leave behind branch of f and form two different subsidiaries. One ordain be for research for other small animals such as cats, birds, rabbits, etc. The other has plans to be a research facility for a larger base of customers such as commercial farmers. This will take the company to a all in all new level. This is not something that is going to happen immediately, only if is in the strategic planning stage for the future for the company to grow and expand and to continue to receive more funding for the government and other agencies.To make sure enough the company is getting the word out to the public in the right way it will involve a few tactics. It will get with some of these companies and admit survey made that people will receive with a product from one of the companies. This will have an incentive such as getting a coupon off the next product for filling out the survey. The company will handle this process to keep the price of this promotion a little lower that if another company was to handle it. The company also has representative that will go around to different places and talk to vendors and the people that are going to be purchasing the product.The company wants to everyone to get to know the faces in front and puke the scenes at Healthy Happy BOW WOW because customer service is a top priority at the company. This is another way that they use the media as a tactic to get people to know and have understandable knowledge of the companys mission and values. The company can do this by bringing the media behind the scenes and its front of the house people to the public. As far as resort, legal, and ethical values are concerned within the company the chief operating officer takes very seriously.thither are serious background checks and screening done on employees and not just when hired but periodically throughout art along with drug screenings. The CEO also makes sure inspections are thorough and often. The company has its own team to do inspections and an outside team to come in and do inspections as well. The company has not failed a single government inspection due to this process. If the company fails these regulated inspections by the government it will closed(a) the company down.This why the company follows all regulations of the law presently and will ceaselessly follow them in the future. There is too much at hazard and money spent to take that risk. Happy Healthy BOW WOW wants to be in touch with its customers on a constant basis. The company will hold events and always have information on hand for anyone with comments, suggestions, and questions. They will have a website where all dog lovers can get together and piffle and it will be free of charge. It will have broadcasts of upcoming events on-line and through the media.The company will do anything and everything in its power to reach out to its loyal customer to prove and show what the company is about and that is happy healthy customers and the people they belong too. End of Summary In the world today, many people have dogs and love them as if the dog is so much a part of their lives as not just a companion but also much more than that. People of all types endure their dogs as a part of their family. This may mean a single person having a dog or a family that considers that dog as a part of the family and cannot think of life without the dog they love and cherish.This why it is so important to take care of that loved animal and make sure that the pet is in top physical shape and lives a happy long life. This is not always easy because of so many health issues that may arise. There are many shots and vaccinations that scientists develop to prevent disease and problems such as Rabies, Mange, Parvo, Worms, and many more. There are so many now it is hard to keep track. This is where Healthy Happy BOW-WOW comes to the rescue. It is a new innovative idea that tracks the health of a dog by use a dog toy to check the saliva of a dog for health conditions.This is a bu siness creating a product that helps determine the health of a dog. How it works is to use dog toys to track whether or not a dog is healthy. This happens by using a safe non-toxic serum that detects different chemical reactions to relate whether or not the dog has a healthy immune system or if something is wrong. This not an exact lore and Healthy Happy BOW WOW is doing research to determine the best possible way to implement this program and as safely as possible. about dogs love to play with some type of toy, whether it is a stuffed animal or a ball, so it is easy for owners to use this product.A person has the ability of using this product as much as the same as people use toys to make a dog have fun and the freedom they enjoy. This product is in process and needs more research to make sure it is safe and effective for dogs of all types and sizes. It is the same rationale as liquid flea music that scientists use to determine the amount for which is safe for animals the weigh differently than others. A dog weighing 90 pounds does not take the same medication for fleas, as a 20-pound dog needs to have. This is why the company has a research team to ensure the right dosage for a persons pet. any person that has a dog has the ability to ensure a longer life for his or her cherished pet by using this product. This means any person that has a dog that they love is a potential customer. Another way this product is helpful for canines and potential customers is that if a shelter uses this product to show a potential person wanting to adopt a dog is how it works for their future pet. That person has the reassurance the pet is healthy and has the opportunity to make sure they can sustain the health of their future pet by using this product.Many people are afraid of stray dogs because they are not sure of what infections the dog may carry. This product realises a way of standard of adopting animals that may cut down of the fear of adoption. This is just one of th e ways that the company plans to create a product to satisfy the companys customers, which the company believes, are the dog and the pet owner. The company is creating this product just as much for the pet in a persons life as the person themselves as customers.The responsibility of making sure dogs and all pets are in good health and happy relies on the ethical and social responsibility of people. Companies such as Pet-Co are a prime example of what Healthier Happy BOW BOW wants the companys standards to be. According to Ethisphere Institute Honors Ethical Behavior Of Petco, Other Companies (2013), Petco has been named one of the Worlds Most Ethical Companies for 2013 and was the only pet-related company to make the list, the Ethisphere Institute reported today. This is what this company wants its standards to be in the near future.Everyone plays a role in the care of animals and this is the goal of this company to make it happen. The company wants everyone to play a part in makin g sure pets have a good home and a healthy and happy long life. This is what it means to be socially and ethically responsible in every community no matter where. That is why the company wants to integrate the community with the product to create awareness. Stray animals are on the streets every day and are hungry and sick because of malnourishment. This not the animals fault.People make decisions for themselves, but animals do not have that opportunity and it is disturbing that so many animals go hungry and people abused because of the choices that people make. This company has plans that have the opportunity for people to step up and stop this from happening and this is the vision and future of this company. Many people do not realize or turn the other cheek when it comes to animals in need because of their busy lives. It is no okay for this to happen, which is why this company plans to use profits to teach people about what is happening in the world today in the hands of people i n regards to animal abuse.Customers needs are important to Healthy Happy BOW WOW and this is why it caters to anyone and everyone that shows an involvement in adopting a pet or currently has one they love. The reason why the company has prefer considering customers needs and competitive advantage is because like Pet Co this company wants to ensure pets are taken care of in the way that the people the dogs are paired with love being a part of each others lives and making a standard of living for the pet.Most companies try, and have commercials promoting dedication to animals but few truly do anything about what is happening to pets that are not paying customers. These companies only strive to pay an amount to a charity of its choice to show on television that the company is trying. If certain companies such as Purina wanted to make a huge difference in helping the Humane Societies across the joined States, it would with all the massive money it makes. This is why Healthy Happy BOW WOW will stand against the competition to show the responsibility it wants to ensure the safety of pets and their health.This is what Healthy Happy BOW WOW is about and nothing less. This company has many advantages such as it is a new and innovative product with rafts of room for advancement. It is something every pet love would want for their pet so it is easily marketable. There are disadvantages also. Since it is such a great product, there are worries of another company stealing the idea and creating a generic magnetic declination. The company has many opportunities for advancement and plans to move forward with the product.It wants to take the product to the next level by developing the product for more than just dogs. The company wants to make the product for all pets and possibly go commercial and create a version for livestock as well. The problem with this is the cost. Research is very costly so Health Happy BOW WOW has to make sure, market the product well to people, a nd communicate the importance of the product to the people who will be buying it. This is why the company plans to use the media as a main source of marketing.The company will give tours of the facilities safely to the media so that they can convey to the people a lot of information about the product and its safety. This is a way to have free advertising and a way to reach a very large audience in a short amount of time. The company will also use a marketing team and advertise on-line and through television ads and billboards. The company wants to make sure the public knows that the product is undergoing all-embracing research to make sure it is the safest and most quality item for their pet.

Negotiations and Alternate Dispute Mechanism

Alternative trash resoluteness encompasses distinct forms of dispute resolution done arbitration and interintermediation. arbitration is a method of dispute resolution involving one or more neutral third parties who be usually agreed to by disputing parties and whose decision is binding.1 arbitrement generally proceeds in a similar fashion to that of the speak to of justice with opening statements, the presentation of witnesses and point, cross-examination, and closing arguments. Arbitrators then decide chances ground on the evidence, and their decision is final binding on the parties. mediation on the former(a) hand is an informal dispute process in which the third party the intercessor helps disputing parties to reach an agreement. A go-between, unlike the arbitrator, has no cause to impose his decisions on the parties. Therefore, the mediators role is to bring the parties closer together through discussions of weaknesses in the case for both sides, in an effort to incite each to sictle the dispute.Arbitration and mediation are voluntary mechanisms- that is the parties are only required to mediate or arbitrate if they agree to do so. The absence of such an agreement will see the parties go to the court of law on that pointfore the parties in contention backsidenot be hauled into private mediation and arbitration against their will. It is at the disposal of the parties to decide how they will go about to do it.Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms have advantageous such that they are cheaper and quicker than court proceeding and permit parties to resolve their differences more efficiently. Studies have shown that arbitration proceedings in the employment discrimination area to take an bonnie of 8.6 months to be resolved, whereas the average court cases involving alleged employment discrimination takes almost 2 years.2 This has seen straines and employees placing mediation and arbitration in the employment contr operates or agreements thus discrimination participations force out be solved amicably without going to the court of law.ArbitrationArbitration proceedings are like informal court proceedings. They take get into in meeting room and not in the courtrooms at date scheduled by the parties. In African traditional setting arbitration proceedings take place under a tree called a baraza3. Generally during the proceedings of the arbitration the parties select a particular rule to apply to the arbitration and are broad to modify such rules by agreement.The reason parties prefer arbitrations to court is because they are more streamlined and friendly. Discoveries in arbitrations tend to be less comprehensive and persistent, with arbitrators oft imposing limits on the number of depositions each party can take. The arbitrators equally understand that the parties select arbitration in part to avoid the cost of court proceeding and issue beliefs occupying these goals.While arbitrators put to work evidentiary r ulings and can bar evidence and testimony they deem improper, arbitration rules generally shun strict compliancy with rules of evidence.4 In conforming to the informal nature of the Alternative Dispute Resolution mechanisms, the arbitrators generally make drift on the side of admitting all the evidence and when they are weight to particular testimony and exhibits. Therefore due to the informal nature the arbitration process give a loophole for some biasness in the process of devising decision among the arbitrators.Unless parties arbitration provides otherwise, arbitrators generally are elect with the help of designated arbitration organization. The process entails the organization submitting names of the arbitrators to the parties then the parties will strike the names they consider lowly ranked. The highly ranked names by the parties will be then asked to arbitrate the dispute.Various formats of arbitration can be highlighted in this sense. approximately traditional is for a si ngle arbitrator to act as the judge of the case, that is, to preside over trial and then issue a ruling based on the evidence. This varies slightly from the use of control panel of arbitrators rather than a single arbitrator- to hear a dispute. A single arbitrator handles small to medium-sized disputes, with a panel of arbitrators used to solve more overwhelmd disagreements. Sometimes parties can decide the number of arbitrators they want in resolving their dispute.Parties can also select other forms for arbitrating dispute. For instance, parties can use baseball-style of arbitration where the one party, which table its proposal for example of a salary to a panel of arbitrators and the employer for example, tables his/ her proposal too.5 Then the arbitrators go through each partys proposal and come up with an amicable figure or solution to the dispute.This is a case where the winner takes it all since the arbitrators do not have the ability to split their decision just to choose one sides proposal. This kind of scenario is equally done in business settings where each party endeavors to offer the best possible offer, as the more aggressive a partys submission, the less likely it is to be chosen by the arbitrator.Another variation from traditional arbitration is the so-called Party arbitrators. This is contrary to the traditional arbitrators who are unbiased and must be free of conflict of interest. Parties arbitrators are not neutral and kind of are appointed by one of the parties. In this case each party appoints its arbitrator to join a third neutral arbitrator who serves as the chairperson of the panel. This can be depicted in sport disputes, which handle players grievances, for example.This form of arbitration is also commonplace in boarder labor environment, with a union and management each appointing its own chosen representative to join a neutral chairperson. Party arbitrators complicate the process of reaching an amicable solution to a problem beca use the representatives of the parties of course support the position of the parties that appointed them. Some even go ahead and act as advocates by questioning witnesses. In this effect, arbitrations involving party arbitrators tend to hinge on the vote of the lone neutral arbitrator, with the two party arbitrators generally ruling in favor of the party that appointed them.MediationMediation, on the other hand, entails the effort of a single and neutral party- the mediator- to act as an intermediary amid parties to help them resolve disputes. Most of the mediation proceedings are nonbonding with the mediator having no authority to compel the parties to reach a resolution. In this sense the mediator considers each parties point of view and their reasons in the light of settling the dispute.This therefore is a case where a skillful and a man of high unity can act as a broker between the parties and help each party to see the case from a neutral perspective. The mediator can save th e parties time and money by pushing them to accomplish their resolution in a day what would have taken weeks and months.Mediation comes in respective(a) facets. One form of mediation is the facilitative mediation. In this form the mediator uses the best efforts to convince each side the reasons to settle. The mediator does this by highlighting the weakness of its case, the strengths in its adversarys case, the cost of litigation, the downside risk of not prevailing, and any other factors that the mediator believes the parties should focus on in properly assessing the case.A untroubled mediator- by the fact that he/she is view by both the parties- can be suited to soften each sides position. He can ascertain the strongest and weakest points in each sides case and may be able to advance each sides position with the opposing party. Facilitative mediation sessions begin in a conference room where the mediator and the all parties are present. Each parties counsel is given an opportun ity to make an opening statement in support of its case (the partys case).After this opening statement, the parties break into different rooms, separately meeting with the mediator who dame back and forth to bring the parties closer. The mediator tries to convince the defendant when he is in the defendants room and give him the reasons for not pursing further the case. The mediator also brings out the expenses that the two parties will incur in the process of fighting in the case. He shows how difficult it would to prove her case. In facilitative mediation the mediator does not formally evaluate the case or promote any particular settlement. His goal is to find areas of potential compromise between the parties, and creatively search for a resolution acceptable to each party.On the other hand evaluative mediation, the mediator does not only facilitate the discussions between the parties but also evaluates the claims in the issue. The mediator in this examines the case, by looking at the pleadings and damages modes and arrives at specific recommended settlement- based on his assessment of the likely endpoint of the prospective trial. Even if this does not lead to an immediate settlement, it may focus on the parties on middle ground and form the starting point for negotiations in the ensuing days. As in the case of facilitative mediation the mediator ought to be a person of integrity in the society if not so no party will accept his judgment thus making the whole exercise to be in futility.There is also the kind of mediation referred to as binding mediation. This is where the mediator not only evaluates the parties but also ultimately imposes a settlement on the parties. This method is less prevalent since it the mediator takes the position similar to the judge at the law court. Parties prefer to discuss through their dispute but not to trust third parties. So instead of taking this form of mediation, parties just decide to go for full-blown trial.In preparatio n of mediation sessions, as an initial matter the selection of the mediator is real important. In most instances it is the parties that select the mediators. It is important to choose a mediator respected not only by one side but the two sides. The goal of the of mediation is to use the mediator as an instrument to prod the other side to settle on favorable terms, and only a respected mediator is likely to have that ability. In the preparation of mediation process the parties concerned have to prepare and submit confidential mediation statement in support of their position in the case.The statements are confidential and only accessible to the mediator and not to the other party. They are meant to orient the mediator in the case so that he can be a more effective intermediary. The mediators objective is to reach settlement- and not to reach the result he believes is most equity- and he is mostly likely to succeed if he knows in advance what potholes to avoid.NegotiationsIn the endea vor to negotiate effectively, negotiators require a thorough knowledge of clients case. They also have to know their clients priorities with the respect to the item in dispute. Negotiations require tact and skills, the understanding of the personalities and interests at play, and the trust and respect of the other side. The main mistake in negotiating is to be caught in a bluff, threatening to take certain action then not following through. Once this happens, it diminishes the opposing sides trust in the counsel and makes favorable settlement far more difficult settlement far more difficult to achieve going forward.Negotiations sometimes can be long so synchronizing the negotiations is paramount for the success of the processes.6 Generally, a claimant will make a demand before ever initiating alternating(a) dispute response mechanism it is the respondents rejection of this demand that leads to arbitration. Most arbitration organizations offer voluntary mediation to the parties and arbitrators. Thus effective counsel advocates never fully give up on the possibility of settlement, even if a negotiation resolution does not seem realistic in the near term. in effect(p) negotiations require careful preparation by counsel. The main element of negotiations is to accurately express a clients view of the case and properly set opposing counsels expectations.None of the mechanisms of resolving disputes arbitration, mediation or private negotiation are exclusive and independent on their own. Therefore no(prenominal) can work without the backing of the other. If for instance a counsel is doing her job properly, she is not just focused on arbitrating or just on negotiating rather, she is at all time considering the best and most efficient way to get her client form the point of dispute to a satisfactory resolution. If the counsel feels that there is another good mediator who will help to bridge the gap between the parties then she should steer the case toward mediation.W orks CitedLewis, Maltby. Private Justice function Arbitration and Civil Rights, 30 COLUM.HUM.REV.29, 55 (1998)Wax, Robert. Staying Out of Court Using Alternative Dispute Resolution Can Save Time and Money. Journal (2006)Whittlesey, Dave. Baseball-Style Arbitration Dont Strike Out, Broadcasting & Cable (Jan. 30, 2006).1 See Blacks Law Dictionary2 See Lewis L. Maltby, Private Justice Employment Arbitration and Civil Rights, 30 COLUM.HUM.REV.29, 55 (1998) 3 Baraza- a meeting of elders aimed at arbitrating a conflict in East Africa. 4 The parties may offer such evidence as is relevant to the dispute and shall produce such evidence as the arbitrator may deem necessary to an understanding and determination of the dispute. Conformity to legal rules of evidence shall not be necessary. 5 See R. Rabin and D. Whittlesey, Baseball-Style Arbitration Dont Strike Out, Broadcasting & Cable (Jan. 30, 2006). 6 See Wax, Robert. staying Out of Court using Alternative Dispute Resolution can Save Time a nd Money (2006)

Solution To Solve The Plastic Waste Problems Environmental Sciences Essay

The intent of this undertaking is to supply a executable event to work out the bendable eat up jobs and assist occupants in the Mekong Delta countries to better the conveyance substructure. Specifically, this undertaking is aimed to utilize waxy boast as an alternate build stuff for constructing roads in the Mekong Delta countries. The modified- charge plate route is designed to run into specific demands that were set to do certain the route would be suited for the local environment and have an sparing public presentation.In this undertaking, Group F chose fictile waste as the mark. It is because fictile waste such as plastic bags and plastic bottles is non-biodegradable in the natural environment. As a chief pollution, fictile waste is harmful to the environment. Maltreatment of plastic and deficiency of recovery has resulted in many environmental jobs. Besides, recycling plastic waste is non popular in Vietnam which is a immense squander. Based on this information, Group F decided to happen a viable manner for recycling fictile waste.The usage of fictile waste in route building is an environment-friendly engineering. In late(a) old ages, applications of plastic wastes have been considered in route building with great involvement in many developing states. 1 This sort of engineering has become progressively popular around the universe. In legion states, peculiarly in developing states, the conveyance and logistics systems are under high strain from additions in population and trade. So does in Vietnam. Thus, bettering the substructure in the Mekong Delta countries is besides really of import. Hence utilizing modified fictile waste to construct roads is an effectual method to work out these jobs. Using fictile waste in route building can be a good solution. Harmonizing to several field trials, the plastic wastes used after proper processing as an additive would heighten the life of the roads and besides work out environmental jobs. 2 It follo ws that utilizing fictile waste in route building is a feasible solution to equilibrate the environment and development.Implementing this undertaking can both increase the recovery rate of plastic wastes and better the populating criterion in Vietnam, particularly in the Mekong Delta. The aims of the undertaking were to assist the local people cut pull down the plastic waste, work out the traffic jobs, and increase the sustainable development.This paper provides flat coat information and describes the methods and tools used to construct a route from plastic wastes. As good, the paper provides the processing strategies for the plastic wastes and shows a route theoretical account do from fictile waste. The feasibleness and economic efficiency of the design is besides discussed in this paper. The recommendations and future work are provided in the concluding parts.BackgroundIn this subdivision of the study, emphasize information refering the undertaking will be provided.Vietnam and Mekong DeltaSocialist Republic of Vietnam which is called Vietnam for short is a Southeasterly Asiatic state and locates on the Indochina peninsula. Vietnam covers a entire country of 331,210aaA? . 3 And has a population of 87,840,000 in the twelvemonth of 2011. 4 In recent old ages, Vietnam s economic system has made a smokestack feeler. After the economic reforms, this state has become one of the universe s fastest turning economic systems. Harmonizing to an economic statistic, Vietnam s one-year GDP increase rate is 8 % between 1990 to 1997 and about 7 % from 2000 to 2005. 5 In malice of crisp velocity development, Vietnam is confronting several jobs such as pollution, lodging deficit, over-the-hill substructure and so on. Mekong Delta is one of the illustrations. Harmonizing to the AusAid study, the Mekong Delta is celebrated as the rice bowl of Vietnam it contrisolelyes up to 90 % of the state s rice exports. 6 In recent old ages, the economic system has bee n improved significantly nevertheless, there are still tonss of jobs to work out. As mentioned before, Mekong Delta is besides confronting the same challenges as the whole state. Now, pollution is a serious job. Waste such as chemicals, human wastes, effluent and plastic wastes has harmed the local environment and people s wellness. Additionally, with the growing of population and economic system, out-of-date substructure can non fulfill people s demand. The traffic system in the Mekong Delta is under utmost emphasis. It is necessary for the native abodes find a manner to work out these two jobs. As one unit of the international assistance undertakings, the AusAID besides realized this issue. There is a transit betterment undertaking to assist the Mekong Delta to better the conveyance substructure. This undertaking has an estimated entire cost of US $ 306 million with programs to upgrade 325km of roads through this undertaking. 7 Technology used in the undertakingPresents, plastic merchandises are about everyplace. As a inexpensive and effectual stuff, plastic is widely used both for agribusiness and industry. Using fictile merchandises change magnitude people s life criterions. However, this convenient stuff is non environment friendly. The most important ground is most of the plastics are non-biodegradable. They can last for a wide clip in the geological environment. In add-on, the traditional intervention for fictile waste such as landfill and incineration is a threaten for people s wellness and the environment. How to cover with fictile waste is a challenge for sustainable development. Recycling is a good manner of work outing the job. Scientists and applied scientists have positive a new attack to alter the waste into roads.Using plastic in route building is non new. For a long clip, people use premature ventricular contraction or HDPE to fabricate pipes in route building. However, utilizing fictile waste as natural stuff for route building is a diff erent technique but surveies have shown this technique has great possible and can convey many benefits. An initial survey that conducted in 1997 to prove for strength and lastingness of roads from fictile wastes proved that the lastingness of roads laid with fictile waste mix is found to be better than the conventional 1s. 2 The overall procedure of construction plastic waste roads includes two parts, explicitly the first portion is readying which includes segregation, cleansing, shredding, and aggregation. The 2nd portion is field test . 8 At foremost, the fictile waste such as bags and bottles are separated and cleaned. Then, the plastic wastes are shredded into little pieces or pulverize signifier. After roll uping, the on-size plastic waste pulverization will be added into the hot sum which is kept at 170AAC. After the chopped plastic waste are aaAsoftened and coat over the sum, aaA? 8 the hot bitumen is added and should be good assorted. Then, this hot mixture is ready for being laid on the route. The laying procedure is identical to the manner pitch roads are laid.This engineering has many advantages. The usage of plastic waste for route building can non merely cut down the demand for bitumen and increase the strength and public presentation of the roads, but besides protect the environment every bit good as create unnecessary employment chances. Besides, utilizing fictile waste for route building can cut down the demand of bitumen and besides cut down the cost of puting the roads.Literature Review

Food sec Essay

Our aim is that all muckle (regardless of race, religion, gender or age) have chafe to safe and alimental nutriment for thought to maintain a healthy and active life (World Bank, 1986) There are quadruplet main components to ensuring victuals earnest 1. nutrient avail cogency nifty agricultural productions and marketing to provide enough sustenance in all climates and seasons. 2. victuals get at having the money to give birth for or the ability to acquire the food being able to get good 3.Food use- proper preparation and storage of the food maintaining the nutritional wholeness of the food handsome distribution of the food (gender, food, ethnicity, religion, etc. ) 4. Asset creation designing ways to maintain the food supply, in field of study of natural disaster, wars and/or conflicts etc. stockpiling, donations, etc. Solutions to Fighting famish 1. Improving nutritional status-e. g. Adding palm oil (contains Vitamin A) to food, fortifying milk with Vitamin D e ncouraging breast-feeding. 2. Policy changes (worldwide) e. g. universal contract of man rights, universal rights of the child.3. Food Security centering on the four main courses of hunger and working with communities to improve availability of quality of food. Issues associated with food security 1. rude(a) disaster 2. change cropping 3. Lack of culture 4. Unequal Distribution of Resources 5. Disease 6. Government 7. War/Conflict Food Security Our aim is that all people (regardless of race, religion, gender or age) have access to safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life (World Bank, 1986) There are four main components to ensuring food security5. Food availability good agricultural productions and marketing to provide enough food in all climates and seasons. 6. Food access having the money to pay for or the ability to acquire the food being able to get good 7. Food use- proper preparation and storage of the food maintaining the nutritional integrity of the food fair distribution of the food (gender, food, ethnicity, religion, etc. ) 8. Asset creation designing ways to maintain the food supply, in case of natural disaster, wars and/or conflicts etc. stockpiling, donations, etc. Solutions to Fighting Hunger 4. Improving nutritional status-e. g. Adding palm oil (contains Vitamin A) to food, fortifying milk with Vitamin D encouraging breast-feeding. 5. Policy changes (worldwide) e. g. universal declaration of human rights, universal rights of the child. 6. Food Security focusing on the four main courses of hunger and working with communities to improve availability of quality of food. Issues associated with food security 8. Natural disaster 9. Cash cropping 10. Lack of education 11.Unequal Distribution of Resources 12. Disease 13. Government 14. War/Conflict Food Security Our aim is that all people (regardless of race, religion, gender or age) have access to safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life (World Bank, 1986) There are four main components to ensuring food security 9. Food availability good agricultural productions and marketing to provide enough food in all climates and seasons. 10. Food access having the money to pay for or the ability to acquire the food being able to get good 11.Food use- proper preparation and storage of the food maintaining the nutritional integrity of the food fair distribution of the food (gender, food, ethnicity, religion, etc. ) 12. Asset creation designing ways to maintain the food supply, in case of natural disaster, wars and/or conflicts etc. stockpiling, donations, etc. Solutions to Fighting Hunger 7. Improving nutritional status-e. g. Adding palm oil (contains Vitamin A) to food, fortifying milk with Vitamin D encouraging breast-feeding. 8. Policy changes (worldwide) e. g. universal declaration of human rights, universal rights of the child.9. Food Security focusing on the four main courses of hunger and working with communities to improve avail ability of quality of food. Issues associated with food security 15. Natural disaster 16. Cash cropping 17. Lack of education 18. Unequal Distribution of Resources 19. Disease 20. Government 21. War/Conflict Food Security Our aim is that all people (regardless of race, religion, gender or age) have access to safe and nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life (World Bank, 1986) There are four main components to ensuring food security 13.Food availability good agricultural productions and marketing to provide enough food in all climates and seasons. 14. Food access having the money to pay for or the ability to acquire the food being able to get good 15. Food use- proper preparation and storage of the food maintaining the nutritional integrity of the food fair distribution of the food (gender, food, ethnicity, religion, etc. ) 16. Asset creation designing ways to maintain the food supply, in case of natural disaster, wars and/or conflicts etc. stockpiling, donations, etc . Solutions to Fighting Hunger.10. Improving nutritional status-e. g. Adding palm oil (contains Vitamin A) to food, fortifying milk with Vitamin D encouraging breast-feeding. 11. Policy changes (worldwide) e. g. universal declaration of human rights, universal rights of the child. 12. Food Security focusing on the four main courses of hunger and working with communities to improve availability of quality of food. Issues associated with food security 22. Natural disaster 23. Cash cropping 24. Lack of education 25. Unequal Distribution of Resources 26. Disease 27. Government 28. War/Conflict.

“Cal” by Bernard MacLaverty Critical Analysis

Task Choose a myth I which the central character is manifold in conflict. Briefly outline the nature of the conflict and then in more detail explain how it helped illustrate the theme(s) of the novel. In your answer you should share with at least two of the following setting, characterisation, dialogue, key incident, theme, or any other appropriate feature.Bernard MacLavertys brilliant novel Cal tells the story of a young mans involvement with the ira and his struggle to cope with the repercussions of his actions. The novel makes the reader contemplate the violence and aggression that infests areas of our society and how religious hatred and bigotry brook shoot devastating effectuate on peoples lives. The protagonist, Cal McLuskey, is involved in many conflicts throughout the text all of which help to illustrate the key theme of isolation. Our appreciation of this concern is further enhance by the authors use of setting and characterisation.Also you can read Analysis July at t he MultiplexSet amidst the conflict of 1980s Northern Ireland, Cal tells the tale of a nineteen-year-old Catholic, Cal McCluskey. breeding is not easy for Cal he and his father, Shamie, are the besides Catholics living a Protestant Estate he is unemployed his mother died when he was only eighter his brother was killed while working abroad his birth with his father is very strained and he is involved with the IRA. Throughout the course of the novel, Cal struggles to come to terms with his authority in the murder of an RUC police officer by his acquaintance, Crilly an operation for which he was the get outa bearing driver. To make matters worse, Cal finds himself falling in love with the slain mans wife, Marcella.The setting of the novel is very effective in highlighting the conflict Cal is involved in, whilst also effectively illustrating the key theme of Isolation. Cal lives with his father, Shamie, in Northern Ireland on a Protestant Estate and as they are Catholics, the only Catholics living at that place, there is conflict in the midst of Cal and Shamie and their neighbours. Cals home is like a prison to him, socially isolating him from the realism in which he lives.He could not bear to look up and see the flutter of Union Jacks.This is an example of the Religious divide between Cal and his neighbours. It tells us Cal is very aware of his surroundings at this point in the novel and he feels insecure here. He feels like he does not belong and feels self-conscious in his Protestant environment, therefore isolating himself from everyone virtually. He feels alone and scared of what will happen to him if he stays there any longer. Cal and Shamies neighbours want disembarrass of them and try to scare them out their own home by posting threatening messages through their front doorGET break YOU FENYAN SCUMOR WELL BURN YOU OUTTHIS IS YOUR 2ND WARNING THERE WILL BE NO OTHER.Here we can see the extreme hatred that is shown towards Cal and his father. They are being called Fenyan Scum indicating that those around them theorize they are disgusting and worthless be safari of their religion. Cal and Shamie are subject to verbal, physical, and psychological abuse. However Shamie will not leave his home just because he has been told to, he is stubborn and this causes tension between Cal, Shamie and the loyalists which makes them isolated in their own estate.Cals relationship with his father is very strained. They rarely agree and have conflicting views on how to deal with their social isolation. Cal does not like the sight of blood and refused to work in the slaughter with Shamie which causes conflict between them both(prenominal). This makes Shamie feel extremely disappointed in his son.It sticks in my throat that he got the job that you gave up because you hadnt a strong enough stomach. Now hes got money to burn and youre running about borrowing fags. Not to computer address the embarrassment it caused me.Shamie wants Cal to follow in his footsteps as he is his only son left, Cals older brother was killed while working abroad. Since Cals mother died when he was eight, Shamie and Cal only have each other and the conflict between them is increasing because if they do not have each other they do not have anyone. They are both isolated in their house because there is not a very good relationship between them. They are not close and barely follow in conversation with each other. They are both socially isolated in their own home. There relationship highlights isolation due to the conflict between them. exhibit alsoCase 302 July in MultiplexIt is not only the relationship between Cal and his father that highlights the theme of isolation but also Cals relationship with his friends, Crilly and Skeffington. They are heavily mixed up with the IRA and in a sense bully Cal into getting involved also. Crilly and Skeffington are very high believers of the cause and when Cal rejects their beliefs there is conflict between th em all.Because we have committed ourselves, Cahal, it is our responsibility. We have to make the sacrifices.Crilly and Skeffington believe so much in the cause that they kill for it. When Cal played a cleave in RUC officer, Robert Mortons death, he becomes repulsed at his actions. Because Crilly and Skeffington believe this is the right thing to do, that it is OK to kill for the Cause, Cal decides he wants to leave the IRA. Crilly and Skeffington do not react well to Cals regret and as a result of this Cal totally isolates himself from them. When he does this he becomes companionless and on his own.By rejecting the beliefs and aims or the IRA, Cal finds that he is ideologically isolated. Cal is constantly surrounded by news of deaths and war and conflict between two opposing beliefs. Even though he was involved with the IRA he does not believe in killing. The abattoir symbolises the conflict in Northern Ireland at the time with all the deaths and bloodshed. Cal hates going to the slaughterhouse and detests blood in any way, shape or formHe loathed them, made from blood, like cross-sections of large warts bound in black Sellotape.This is when Cal is describing black pudding and is a perfect example of his hatred for blood. He feels he is the only person who does not like killing. Cal detests the slaughterhouse because it reminds him of the war going on and maybe reminds him he was once involved in the murder of a man. perchance this is another sign of his offense. However, because he does not believe people should be killed he does not fully support the IRA and is therefore isolated because he is suddenly against people like Crilly and Skeffington for not believing what they feel is right. Cal just wants a free Ireland but does not believe killing is the right way to get it.As the novel progresses we discover the extent of Cals emotional isolation. It is Cals involvement with the IRA that leads to his relationship with Marcella, thus Cals involvement in th is conflict is the main cause of isolation. Cal wants redemption for his involvement in Robert Mortons murder. He does this by confiding in Marcella. If it was not for the IRA he would not know who Marcella Morton was. When he gets close to Marcella he is longing to declare what he has do, he wants to apologise. Then he starts feeling guilty for feeling some sort of happinessThe happier Cal felt, the sadder he became. He wants to confess to her, to weep and be forgiven.Cal feels he should not be allowed to feel happy since he was involved in a killing. He wants Marcella to redeem what he has done and forgive her but he knows he cannot tell her. This makes him isolated because he has to bottle up everything he feels. In the end of the novel I think Cal feels extremely relieved he is going to get what he feels he deservesThe next morningalmost as if he had expected it, the police arrived to maintain him as he stood in a dead mans y-fronts listening to the charge, grateful that at l ast someone was going to beat him within an inch of his life.Read also Critical appreciation of the poem Old Ladies Home.This is almost contradictory. He wants to get punishment for what he has done so that he can be free of his sin. Cal feels relieved that he has been found out and has not gotten away with what he has done. He is grateful that finally he is going to get what he deserves and is going to be punished. This highlights isolation as he was alone and needed to tell someone what he has done but he could not. The guilt was torturing him inside but he could not do anything about it.So in conclusion, Bernard MacLavertys novel Cal effectively shows the degree to which isolation can advert us. We see this through the examples of religious bigotry and also how relationships with friends and family can affect lives.

Gay And Lesbian Children

The current estimates of children who live with bisexual put forwards, either the fairylike or the lesbians in United States of America argon in the tune of between six to ten million. The census conducted in the year 2000 treated these children as single parent children. At the moment, over twenty percent of the existing gay as salutary as lesbian relationships have a child in their homesteads. In the Ameri mountain society, the families of gay as well as lesbians forms a fundamental element of the daily life. Introduction It has already been established that partners of the alike sex ran their households more or less in the constitutional county. It is also true that the homes led by the gay as well as the lesbians are in the tune of 600 000 in the entire nation (Leff). It therefore implies that, the numbers of the children with transgrammatical gender, bisexual, gay or lesbian parents are always on the increase. This category of the children may hail in families of mixed ra ce, surrogate families or even families that are single parent. There is also likelihood that the children are biologically fathered or m otherwiseed by one of the parents. This is out of the fact that majority of the gay as well as the lesbians commit themselves in gay or lesbian relationships at the time of being parents.The other fact holds that the gay and the lesbians had children in their earlier life of heterosexual relationship but later got involved in their current sexual status (Leff). Literature review The docudrama film that talks about what it is like to start up with gay or lesbian parents that I have chosen for the purpose of this paper is entitle DADDY & PAPA and from the context as presented, Johnny Symons, who is the film maker played the part of Papa, while William Rogers, who was his partner, played the part of Daddy.The two couples were committed for a period of about ten years although in an informally accepted union. They later got married officially in 2 004 at a ceremony passing cheered by their sons (DADDY & PAPA). There are some general ideas that are worth reflection. It is therefore upright in as far as the video is relate to conclude that multiple and diverse ways exist in which a family can be composed. The existing families assume varied and diverse sizes as well as diverse configurations. There exists ordinary aspect among the variety of families in existence. The existing families have their kinds considered normal.However some kinds of a family may be earthy in relation to others. All of these families once in a while experience conflict of some kind which is part and parcel of the family. It is not virtual(a) for the families to be happy at all times. If teasing is a common occurrence in the family, hurt feelings as well as low conceit is most likely to be the repercussion to the offended member (s) of the family. It is also a possibility for the interruption of teasing to be done by members of the family who the ferment allies in as far as the other members are concerned.It is possible for families to experience a transformation just as it is with the people. Families of different kinds are potentially gifted to support one another for the purpose of their individual strengths more than any particular kind of family existing independently of any other (DADDY & PAPA). According to Judith, The fact that the child is from a straight family with both mother and father does not warrant that the child will always be happy, steady-going and have a secure environment at home to allow the child a chance to educate into a productive individual who is the right way adjusted.Parents of the same gender as well as parents of opposite gender have the same reaction in as far as stings are concerned, the scraps, the shorts as well as and the joys together with the heartaches affecting childhood in a similar manner as their children (Judith, 12). According to Elias Parents who are undetermined about thei r sexual orientation, who exhibit mentally healthy behavior and provide supportive communities for their kids, tend to have the most resilient youngsters (Para 9). Further, paragraph. point number 2 states that Gay parents share child care and chores more evenly than heterosexual couples. Both men assume mommy/daddy roles. Theyre coaches and cooks, (Para 6) Judith further asserts that The potential to pass great or otherwise in as far as the parent is concerned has no any relationship to the sexual orientation of a person. Adults who are nurturing are reliable whether they are male or female they have the potential, and are usually excellent parents (Judith, 33).She further summarizes the issue with a chin wagging that The physical appearance of the family is not genuinely a reflection of the particular family type (Judith, 37). The most meaningful thing is the shared love among the members of that particular family which actually brings about the difference in existence among t he members of the family. Taken from the perspective of Levy the health as well as the development of the child, there is no significant difference among the child of the heterosexual family and a child from a gay or a lesbian family (Para 1).The organizations with a strong devotion to the health as well as welfare of the children are in no compromise as far as the health is concerned. The adjustment of the child of couples of the same gender is no different from those ones of children from families of heterosexual nature (Lev). According to Elias, There exists no scientific evidence that sexual orientation determines the parenting effectiveness any parent can provide supportive and healthy environments for their children. Elias says, The children will benefit if their parents are able to marry (paragraph 1).The only shortcomings facing the children of same-sex marriage is the failure of the efforts by the schools to meet their needfully in as far as being more inclusive. This situ ation is compounded by the teasing and the mockery that they face from children of normal families (Elias). According to Lev overmuch of the research describes four general outcomes for cross-gendered children. One, they grow up to be normatively gendered, heterosexual people. Two, they grow up to be feminine men or masculine women. Three, they grow up to be lesbian or gay (Para 6).Four, they grow up to be transsexual or transgender. The most common outcome seems to be that gender-variant boys grow up to be gay. Treatmentin the form of behavioral modification programs geared at eliminating cross-gender behaviorare the standard recommendation (Para 6). Chapter 9 of the same website suggests that roundthing is very wrong here, but Im not sure it is Kyle who has the problem. In order to decide if something is wrong with Kyle, we need to define what we mean by wrong. Do we think it is wrong to be a sensitive heterosexual man?Do we think it is wrong to be a gay man? I suspect most of u s will respond to those questions with a resounding No (Chapter 9). But the minority group has had to encounter great challenges due(p) to discrimination. According to the article Liberation Was For Others Latest research estimates that approximately 10,000 15,000 men were sent to concentration camps solely for being homosexual the same article stresses that Some lesbians, as well as feminists, were considered A-Socials by the Nazis and were sent to the camps in limited numbers.Many served their time in camp brothels servicing the Nazis as well as some camp inmates (Chapter 3). Conclusion The fact of the matter is that shapes as well as the sizes of various families are also diverse. All types of parents are gifted to educe their children, whether they are married, unmarried, grandparents of the children, single parents, widowed, members of an extended family and foster parents among many others.There are high chances of the possibility that children from gay or lesbian parent e njoy a happier life in comparison to a child from a normal family. The family is a care giver of primary importance and a central centralize for the strength as well support in as far as the children are concerned. The security given to a child out of a setting of a stable family is the necessary ingredient responsible for the healthy future of the child. The gay as well as the lesbians have been involved in child rearing from the past, a trend that will continue into the future.

Perception of Various Performance Criteria by Stakeholders in the Construction Sector in Hong Kong

Construction centering and Economics (April 2010) 28, 377391 Perception of various doing criteria by stakeholders in the expression sector in Hong Kong IVAN K. W. LAI1* and FRANKIE K. S. LAM2 1 2 Faculty of Management and Administration, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau world(prenominal) Graduate School of Business, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia Taylor and Francis Received 8 March 2009 authentic 1 December 2009 10. 1080/01446190903521515 All turn strays in Hong Kong harbor in common a cast of key contract participants, consisting of clients, consultants ( visualizeers) and asseverators.The aim of this research is to examine, from divergent points of view, these practitioners in regard to the greatness of perceived exploit criteria and their watch overive(prenominal) work outcomes in a look purpose. A research model is structured establish on nine action criteria and their respective death penaltys. The data were collected from 324 practitioners who have participated in social structure confounds in Hong Kong. One-way compendium of variance (analysis of variance) and repeated measures ANOVA be utilize to analyse the data. The relative richness of nine outgrowth criteria and their exercises be measured.Timely consequence of the cat is the most in-chief(postnominal) surgical operation criterion, followed by bread, environmental protection and quality. in that respect ar residuums in the importance of the slaying criteria with respect to carrying out. The differences in the comprehensions of exertion that argon identified ar (i) among divers(prenominal) practitioners in a bend fox (ii) due to contrastive vagabond types and (iii) amongst different operational roles in the partnering organizations. In order to shape up bring in the importance of the performance criteria with respect to performance, the office quo of roject partnering and congeniality problems in the anatom ical structure industry is checked. It is intended to stimulate interest in the further exploration of solutions to improve the general performance of the turn industry in Hong Kong. make outwords exertion progress, performance evaluation, partnering, supplier relationship, performance criteria. Introduction At the beginning of look projects, various targets be bunch as performance criteria to be achieved among the key contract participants, consisting of clients, consultants ( aspirationers) and contractors.However, different participants have their own perceptions of various performance criteria, and they perform differently according to their perceptions. The aim of this workplace is to examine, from different points of view, these participants in regard to the importance of the perceived performance criteria and their respective performance outcomes in a construction project. The differences surrounded by the levels of importance of the performance criteria and their r espective performance outcomes oppose argonas for the improvement of performance, which these participants should address. Author for correspondence. E-mail emailprotected edu. mo In the present study, nine specific performance criteria are used they are (1) profit (2) measure (3) no claims or contractual disputes (4) farm out comfort (5) quality (6) golosh (7) environment (8) contemporaries of innovative ideas and (9) enduringness. A research model was explicate to interrogatory the signifi tail endt difference between these performance criteria with respect to their performance. There are also tests operable to assess the performance of these performance criteria from the perspective of the respondents in different roles (i. . clients, consultants and master(prenominal) contractors) the types of construction projects (i. e. government, populace/ common soldier utility and private development) and different functional roles of the mental faculty within the organizati on (i. e. managerial, frontline supervisory and consultancy lag). This research was conducted with a questionnaire survey with construction practitioners in Construction Management and Economics ISSN 0144-6193 print/ISSN 1466-433X online 2010 Taylor & Francis http//www. informaworld. com DOI 10. 1080/01446190903521515 378 Hong Kong.The overall discussion that follows is found on the results of the statistical analysis of the performance criteria and their respective performances as well as the major differences between the different perspectives of the participants. There are operative differences between the performance criteria with respect to performance, and conclusions are drawn from patterns state in these results. This study indicates some areas for the improvement of performance. The limitations of this research and further research opportunities will be identified. Lai and Lam eam considers to be relevant in the pursuit of successful project delivery ( ramble on and K halfan, 2007). Construction delays not only result in approach overruns and poor quality, only when lead to increased disputes (Al-Khalil and Al-Ghafly, 1999). Odeh and Battaineh (2002) discover that most claims cases are related to the time of the project delivery. No claims or contractual disputes. It has been observed that the adaptive ability to manage assortments without unnecessary claims is often particular in the routine discernment of subcontractors performance (Mbachu, 2008).The absence of claims or contractual disputes is a fair indicator of project success (Chan and Chan, 2004). Job rapture. Job satisfaction refers to the extent to which persons gain enjoyment or satisfaction from their efforts at work (Fogarty, 1994). It is a soft measure, and has often been benchmarked with a compeverys performance (Beatham et al. , 2004). Pinto and Pinto (1991) advocated that measures for project success should include project psychosocial outcomes, which refer to the satisfact ion of interpersonal relations among project team members.Quality. Quality is defined as the grad to which general conditions progress meeting the projects established requirements for materials and workmanship (Bubshait and Almohawis, 1994). The improvement of quality can reduce the resources and exist that must be devoted to reworking, which, when reduced, increases profitability (Ling et al. , 2009). The costs of rectifying defects and reworking have been estimated to be as high as 6. 2% and 12%, respectively, of the profit for a construction project (Thomas et al. 2002). Safety. Safety is defined as the degree to which general conditions promote the purpose of a project without major accidents or injuries (Bubshait and Almohawis, 1994). Accidents during a project can be detrimental to the project in cost of time, costs and the reputation of the company (Chan and Chan, 2004). Environment. Environmental issues, such as waste direction and public nuisance, have been regarded as negative environmental impacts on construction (Shen et al. , 2000).Considerable attention has been directed towards finding out how to minimize construction waste and restrict environmental nuisance (Wong and Chan, 2000). Companies invest in the improvement of environmental protection because of cost factors (Tam et al. , 2001 Shen (3) Theoretical background Definition of performance criteria Performance criteria are normally shared mechanisms for monitoring and demonstrating project success (Krima et al. , 2007). Their use allows practitioners to understand their competitive position better and potentially to improve their performance (ElMashaleh et al. 2001). By looking at the deviations between the levels of importance of the performance criteria and performance outcomes, practitioners can review whether certain criteria underperform or overperform (Soetanto et al. , 2001). Ideally, performance outcomes of the performance criteria should be on a par with their normal perform ance, or, even better, their so-called best performance, which are satisfactory to practitioners. Performance criteria of a construction project Atkinson (1999) stated that time, cost and quality make up the iron triangle for project success.Looseto a greater extent et al. (2003) highlighted the importance of assembly line satisfaction for the well- universe of the construction industry. Fenn (2006) listed the typical performance criteria of commercial projects time, cost, quality, project delays, delay claims, scheduling, monitoring and control. Lam and Wong (2009) argued that safety is a measure of project performance, as well as time, cost and quality. After reviewing the literature, nine performance criteria were selected (1) Profit. Norris (1990) measured profit as the increment by which revenues exceed cost.Profit in harm of cost benefits has been identified as a key performance indicator (KPI) (Beatham et al. , 2004). Cost benefits can typically be achieved by savings and the early completion of projects (Soetanto et al. , 2001). Time. Time refers to the duration for completing a project (Chan and Chan, 2004). Time, cost and quality are the key factors a project (4) (5) (6) (7) (2) Performance criteria and Tam, 2002). For example, energy-efficient design allows both environmental friendliness and cost effectiveness across the project life cycle (Yao et al. , 2006).Generation of innovative ideas. Innovation is the actual novel use of a non-trivial change and improvement in a dish up, product or system (Slaughter, 1998). Innovation in construction leads to the improvement of working conditions, lowering construction costs, and decreasing construction time (Eaton et al. , 2006) so as to improve efficiency in the industry (Egbu, 2004). strength. Effectiveness is a characteristic of the overall performance of a project, in wrong of whether it is being carried out within the work out, performed on schedule, and maintaining quality (Love et al. , 2004). intercommunicate effectiveness is dependent on conceptual level, skills and communicative abilities (Goodwin, 1993), which are important factors that affect project success (Krima et al. , 2007). Practitioners always intend to continually improve the effectiveness of the work process (Naoum, 2003). 379 importance of the performance criteria and their respective performance outcomes in a construction project in Hong Kong (as shown in Figure 1). In this study, three questions were addressed about the life of a construction project Figure 1 A research model of importance of the performance criteria and their performance outcomes 8) (1) (2) (3) (9) What are the relative levels of importance of the performance criteria from the practitioners perspectives? What are the differences between the levels of importance of the performance criteria and their respective performance? What are the differences in the perception of performance from the practitioners perspectives? Research hypotheses The following hypotheses are formulated based on deuce variables the importance of the performance criteria and their respective performance outcomes.Owing to the different dimensions of headache-driven benefits and the degree of objective alignment (Thompson and Sanders, 1998), the levels of importance of the performance criteria may be different. H1 There are crucial differences within the importance of the performance criteria. Research order Research model and research questions A research model is developed to examine, from different practitioners points of view, the levels of There are always levels of difference in the performance elements for construction (Soetanto et al. , 2001). The levels of importance of the erformance criteria may vary with respect to their performance outcomes. Figure 1 A research model of importance of the performance criteria and their performance outcomes 380 H2 There are significant differences between the importance of the performance criteria a nd their performance. Lai and Lam such as Mass Transit Railway Corporation Limited and a private development project may include something like a residential development project. The respondents include a staff of clients, architectural and engineering consultants who represent clients, and main contractors.The respondents are also classified into three functional roles (i. e. managerial, frontline supervisory and consultancy staff). This study only focuses on the performance of the key contract participantsneither suppliers nor subcontractors are included in this survey. Questionnaire development and administration A questionnaire is designed to gather information from people engaged in partnering projects in Hong Kong. A pre-test of the questionnaire was conducted in July 2006 with academics and construction practitioners in order to confirm the general validity and reliability.After the initial pre-test, a further pilot test was undertaken to check the suitability and appropriate ness. The final questionnaire consists of two sections. Section 1 is about the background of the respondents and Section 2 is concerned with the views of the respondents on the levels of importance of the performance criteria of the project and on their performance outcomes. Respondents are asked to clop a rating using a five-point Likert scale, ranging from 1 (the least important, or very unsatisfied) to 5 (the most important, or very satisfied) in respect of the criteria and the outcomes.A total of 850 questionnaires were distributed in person to the respondents in August 2006. From the 209 questionnaires that were collected, 71. 8% were from the main contractors during the first three months. Thereafter, another 100 questionnaires were distributed only to accessible clients and consultants in October 2006. statistical analyses are conducted using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) 12. 00 software package. diametrical stakeholders have different views and expecta tions of performance in a construction project (Newcombe, 2003).Different roles (i. e. clients, consultants, and main contractors) in a construction project may have different views on the same performance. H3 There are significant differences among incumbents in different roles in a construction project in the perception of performance among partners. There are differences between government and private projects in the respective business procurement and the relationship with contractors (Burnes and Coram, 1999). Different types of construction projects (i. e. overnment projects, public/private utility and private development) may require different types of performances. H4 There are significant differences in the perception of performance due to different types of construction projects. Partnering involves teamwork and collaborative activities for achieving goals and resolving problems (Pheng and Hong, 2005 Ingirige and Sexton, 2006). staff in different functional roles (i. e. ma nagerial, frontline supervisory and consultancy staff) may have different views on performance.H5 There are significant differences among staff in different functional roles in the partnering organizations in the perception of performance. Sampling regularity In Hong Kong, more than 500 construction companies are certificated with ISO 9001 (HKQAA, 2007). Because of the large number and different types of construction firms, the different sizes and types of construction works that are undertaken and the constraints of time and resources for the research, purposive try out (Sekaran, 1996) is used to focus on the respondents who have participated in a partnering project.Contractors, consulting firms, government departments and private developers who are active participants in the construction market in Hong Kong are selected. Government departments and private developers are classified as clients of the construction projects. There are three types of project a government project is a public project that is initiated from a government department such as the Housing Authority a public/private utility project is commonly an pedestal project, for example, one initiated by a mass transportation services provider,Performance criteria of the construction project Research samples Over the six months prior to March 2007, 950 sets of questionnaires were distributed, from which a total of 324 were collected. The response order is 34. 1%. The backgrounds of the respondents are shown in Table 1. Statistical analysis Repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) can be used when sample members have been matched Performance criteriaTable 1 The background of the respondents Numbers of response Role in a construction project guests Consultants chief(prenominal) contractors Others come in Type of construction project Government projects Public/private utilities Private development Others score Functional role in the organization Managerial Frontline supervisory Consultanc y Others meat Percentage Table 2 The rating of performance criteria Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Performance criteria Timely completion of project Profit to all tough parties Improvement of environmental protection Improvement of quality Improvement of safety Effectiveness of the construction process No claims or contractual disputes Job satisfaction of staff Generation of innovative ideas for construction design and method guess 4. 2778 4. 2037 4. 1265 4. 1173 4. 1019 3. 9105 3. 8920 3. 8395 3. 7747 381 Std. deviation 0. 65127 0. 69174 0. 60904 0. 61846 0. 60350 0. 72634 0. 74903 0. 68068 0. 74350 123 51 149 1 324 112 121 87 4 324 131 157 21 15 324 38. 0 15. 7 46. 0 0. 3 100 34. 6 37. 3 26. 9 1. 2 100 40. 4 48. 5 6. 5 4. 6 100 ccording to some important characteristic (ACITS, 1997). In this study, sample members are matched, and measurements across conditions are do by like repeated measures. Therefore, repeated measures ANOVA is used to find the rating among the performance criteria . Table A1 in the Appendix shows Mauchlys test of sphericity. This is a test of compound symmetry or the homogeneity of covariance, an important assumption for this statistical test. If the test of sphericity is significant (i. e. , p-value 0. 05), then the assumption H0 is met. Consequently, the univariate (more powerful) output (Tests of at bottom-Subject Effects) can be used. In this test, the p-value is less than 0. 5 and H1 is therefore seizeed. This hold still fors that there are significant differences in the performance criteria. In order to elucidate the differences between them, Bonferronis test (see Table A2 in Appendix) is applied. The relative rating of the performance criteria is shown in Table 2 where time has the highest mean score, followed by profit, environment, quality, safety, effectiveness, no claims, job satisfaction, and the generation of innovative ideas. An individual paired-samples T-test is used to determine whether there are significant differences a mong the levels of importance of the performance criteria and their respective performances.The mean scores and standard deviations of the importance of the performance criteria and their performance outcomes are reported in Table 3. It shows that all of the factors have significant differences. The p-value is less than 0. 05. Therefore, H2 is accepted. Time has the highest positive paired mean difference, suggesting that the punctual completion of a project, among the other performance criteria, seriously underperforms. One-way ANOVA is used to determine whether, among partners in different roles in a construction project (i. e. clients, consultants and main contractors), there are significant differences in the perception of performance.Table 4 indicates that there are significant differences in the perception of performance with the censure of qualityamong the three groups. The p-values for all of the factors (except for quality) are less than 0. 05. Therefore, H3 is accepted. The comparisons of the different groups are made using post hoc tests, after an overall significant difference has been obtained. The Tukey HSD plank (Table 5) compares each group with every other group to determine the significance of the difference. Table 6 indicates that there is no significant difference (p-value 0. 05) in the perception of performance due to the types of projects and between staff in different functional roles in the partnering organizations. Therefore, H4 and H5 are rejected. DiscussionThe levels of importance of the performance criteria The relative ratings for the highest levels of importance of the performance criteria are (1) time (2) profit (3) environment (4) quality (5) safety (6) effectiveness (7) no claims or contractual disputes (8) job satisfaction and (9) generation of innovative ideas. Time, cost 382 Table 3 fuddled scores and paired-samples t-test for the levels of importance of the performance criteria and their performance outcomes Mean scor es and standard deviations (N = 324) Mean Mean 4. 2037 3. 4568 4. 2778 3. 4568 3. 8920 3. 3117 0. 6173 0. 6574 0. 6636 0. 6698 0. 74903 0. 72870 0. 04161 0. 04048 0. 5803 0. 90221 0. 65127 0. 81091 0. 03618 0. 04505 0. 8210 0. 91024 0. 69174 0. 70028 0. 03843 0. 03890 0. 7469 0. 94631 Std. deviation Std. rror mean polar differences Std. deviation Std. error mean 0. 05257 14. 207 0. 000 t yokeed-samples t-test (df = 323) Sig. (2-tailed) 0. 05057 16. 235 0. 000 0. 05012 11. 577 0. 000 0. 8cl0 0. 81201 0. 77566 0. 82841 0. 04528 0. 04511 0. 04309 0. 04602 13. 633 14. 573 15. 399 14. 553 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 3. 8395 3. 2222 4. 1173 3. 4599 4. 1019 3. 4383 4. 1265 3. 4568 3. 7747 3. 2130 3. 9105 3. 2901 0. 71755 0. 72634 0. 76843 0. 74350 0. 04131 0. 03986 0. 04035 0. 04269 0. 68068 0. 69049 0. 61846 0. 65003 0. 60350 0. 65781 0. 60904 0. 72204 0. 03782 0. 03836 0. 03436 0. 03611 0. 03353 0. 03654 0. 03384 0. 04011 0. 5617 0. 94388 0. 05244 10. 712 0. 000 partner off 1 Profit to all involved parties Profit to all involved parties with good performance Pair 2 Timely completion of project Timely completion of project with good performance Pair 3 No claims or contractual disputes No claims or contractual disputes with good performance Pair 4 Job satisfaction of staff Job satisfaction of staff with good performance Pair 5 Improvement of quality Improvement of quality with good performance Pair 6 Improvement of safety Improvement of safety with good performance Pair 7 Improvement of environmental protection Improvement of environmental protection with good performance Pair 8 Generation of innovative ideas for construction design and method Generation of innovative ideas for construction design and method with good performance Pair 9 Effectiveness of the construction process Effectiveness of the construction process with good performance 0. 6204 0. 93157 0. 05175 11. 987 0. 000 Lai and Lam Performance criteria 383 Table 4 One-way ANOVA on signi? ant differences in perception of performance among participants in different roles in a construction project Performance criteria Profit to all involved parties Timely completion of project No claims or contractual disputes Job satisfaction of staff Improvement of quality Improvement of safety Improvement of environmental protection Generation of innovative ideas for construction design and method Effectiveness of the construction process Total 3. 4582 3. 4551 3. 3127 3. 2198 3. 4582 3. 4365 3. 4551 3. 2105 3. 2879 Client 3. 5772 3. 6423 3. 4715 3. 4228 3. 5203 3. 5691 3. 6098 3. 3415 3. 4797 Consultant 3. 5098 3. 4706 3. 4510 3. 0588 3. 3137 3. 0980 3. 1961 2. 9216 3. 0000 Main contractor 3. 423 3. 2953 3. 1342 3. 1074 3. 4564 3. 4430 3. 4161 3. 2013 3. 2282 F-statistic 4. 024 6. 374 8. 684 9. 120 1. 830 9. 752 6. 529 6. 408 8. 208 p-value 0. 019 0. 002 0. 000 0. 000 0. 162 0. 000 0. 002 0. 002 0. 000 Table 5 The Tukey HSD table of the post hoc tests on the performance among participants in differ ent roles in a construction project Performance criteria Profit to all involved parties Timely completion of project No claims or contractual disputes Job satisfaction of staff Improvement of safety Improvement of environmental protection Generation of innovative ideas for construction design and method Effectiveness of the construction rocess (I) Your role in the construction project Client Client Client Consultant Client Client Client Consultant Client Client Consultant Client Client (J) Your role in the construction project Main contractor Main contractor Main contractor Main contractor Consultant Main contractor Consultant Main contractor Consultant Consultant Main contractor Consultant Main contractor Mean difference (I J) 0. 23495* 0. 34697* 0. 33732* 0. 31675* 0. 36394* 0. 31538* 0. 47107* ? 0. 34491* 0. 41368* 0. 41989* ? 0. 27977* 0. 47967* 0. 25149* Sig. 0. 016 0. 001 0. 000 0. 018 0. 004 0. 000 0. 000 0. 003 0. 002 0. 001 0. 040 0. 000 0. 018 Note * The mean difference i s signi? cant at the 0. 05 level. and quality are always described as the holy trinity (Swan and Khalfan, 2007). Krima et al. 2007) also noted that the importance of time performance is widely accepted. Most construction projects in Hong Kong are developed on a fast track schedule, completed in two to three years (Chan, 1999). The top concern in the construction industry in Hong Kong is always time. Profit generated from partnering normally derives from cost savings and inducings (Soetanto et al. , 2001). Incentives are normally introduced by offering a bonus to contractors achieving the KPIs set for the project (Swan and Khalfan, 2007). Moreover, profit sharing is very popular in construction projects. It is surprising that the improvement of environmental performance is the third most important performance criterion.Zhang and Shen (2000) observed that clients are often concerned with immediate or short-term results and care puny about the potential benefits of improve environme ntal performance. This finding directly contradicts a previous study performed by Swan and Khalfan (2007), who found that time, cost and quality are the key elements for a successful project. Although the improvement of environmental performance is an important performance criterion, compared with the improvement of quality, this finding still needs to be clarified by further studies. The improvement of quality is always referred to in terms of less re-working or no abortive work (Thomas et al. 2002). Quality is also defined as conformity and client satisfaction (Soetanto et al. , 2001). It is always among the top priorities in construction. Safety has always been an issue in construction because of the routinely high accident rate involving deaths and property damage. The creation of the built environment in 384 Table 6 One-way ANOVA on signi? cant differences of performance due to the types of project and between those staff in different functional roles in the partnering organiza tions Due to the types of project Sum of squares df 2 317 319 2 317 319 2 317 319 2 317 319 2 317 319 2 317 319 2 317 319 1. 021 161. 666 162. 688 0. 595 185. 93 186. 388 Between groups Within groups Total 2 317 319 2 317 319 1. 049 0. 415 0. 909 0. 426 0. 728 0. 518 0. 511 0. 510 0. 297 0. 586 0. 527 0. 471 1. 118 0. 087 0. 537 0. 162 0. 851 0. 080 0. 648 0. 124 0. 883 0. 697 201. 872 202. 570 1. 234 162. 403 163. 638 0. 328 1. 972 143. 064 145. 036 2. 528 0. 081 0. 254 129. 889 130. 142 2. 133 0. 120 1. 522 129. 623 131. 146 1. 407 0. 246 0. 309 159. 710 160. 019 1. 001 0. 369 1. 166 158. 989 160. 155 0. 507 0. 603 1. 295 182. 770 184. 065 2 306 308 2 306 308 2 306 308 2 306 308 2 306 308 2 306 308 2 306 308 2 306 308 0. 056 0. 472 0. 119 0. 887 1. 560 145. 333 146. 893 2 306 308 Mean square F Sig.Sum of squares df Between groups Within groups Total Between groups Within groups Total Between groups Within groups Total Between groups Within groups Total Between groups Within groups Total Between groups Within groups Total Between groups Within groups Total Between groups Within groups Total 1. 456 164. 094 165. 550 1. 819 135. 169 136. 987 2. 098 131. 524 133. 622 1. 053 149. 294 150. 347 0. 174 170. 198 170. 372 0. 161 205. 389 205. 550 0. 113 149. 634 149. 747 Mean square 0. 78 0. 475 0. 349 0. 660 0. 617 0. 531 0. 986 0. 468 0. 127 0. 424 0. 761 0. 424 0. 155 0. 522 0. 583 0. 520 0. 648 0. 597 1. 084 0. 339 1. 122 0. 327 Between those staff in different functional roles in the partnering organizations F 1. 642 Sig. 0. 195 Performance criteria Profit to all involved parties with good performance Timely completion of project with good performance 0. 529 0. 590 No claims or contractual disputes with good performance 1. 163 . 314 Job satisfaction of staff with good performance 2. 109 0. 123 Improvement of quality with good performance 0. 299 0. 742 Improvement of safety with good performance 1. 797 0. 168 Improvement of environmental protection with good perfo rmance 0. 296 0. 744 Generation of innovative ideas for construction design and method with good performance Effectiveness of the construction process with good performance Lai and Lam Performance criteria 2003 in Hong Kong involved 18% of the total injuries of employees among all industries (OSHC, 2003). Policy makers and the general public always pay great heed to construction safety (Teo et al. , 2005).Effectiveness in construction has received negative commentary (CIRC, 2001). A rating solely on effectiveness itself is taken ordinarily to be insufficient and does not usually prevail. Claims in a project can involve extension of time (EOT), for example, because of inclement weather, or a variation order (VO), for example because of changes of design (Yeo and Ning, 2002). Contractors lapse out from not being granted a claim. Although some previous studies suggest that job satisfaction is a measure of project success (Beatham et al. , 2004 Swan and Khalfan, 2007), an analysis of t he data fails to find evidence suggesting job satisfaction is a priority in a construction project.Innovative ideas can contribute to cost savings and process expediting, and generating them should be encouraged done reimbursement or benefits sharing (Naoum, 2003). Nevertheless, innovative ideas about construction design and method are very seldom implemented in a construction project because of the relatively short timeline for completion. The differences of performance outcomes with respect to importance The relative ratings for the highest difference in performance with respect to the importance of the performance criteria are (1) time (2) safety (3) quality (4) environment (5) profit (6) job satisfaction (7) effectiveness (8) no claims or contractual disputes and (9) generation of innovative ideas. All of the performance criteria clearly underperform.Timely completion of the project displays the highest difference. To a project owner, delay means loss of revenue due to slackene d yield and rentable space. To a consultant, delay means either the failure of progress monitoring of contractors or faulty design, or both. To a contractor, delay means penalties and higher(prenominal) overhead costs. It is thus very worthwhile to investigate the cause of delay, the parties who are responsible, and the preventive measures for avoiding it (Assaf and Al-Hejji, 2006). Owing to stringent legal and contractual requirements in Hong Kong, there are ever-increasing demands, expectations and emphasis on safety, quality and environmental protection.Naoum (2003) has argued that there should be a comprehensive incentive scheme to simulate the overall site performance in these categories. Profit is a basic goal for running a business, but in a project, it is always governed by the conventional re-measured contract at a fixed price. 385 Participants in a construction project can only benefit from cost savings or bonuses awarded by accelerating the process for early completion ( Tam, 2002). Job satisfaction is among the performance criteria displaying a low performance outcome. Not only are staff members not happy about job satisfaction, but this variable is also in fact rated as the second least important performance criterion (see Table 2). The effectiveness of a construction process needs both good supply and coordination.Given the inherently fragmented spirit of construction, work is always accomplished in sequential and unique stages handled by different contractors. Since the design and expression processes are normally divided between consultants and contractors (Naoum, 2003), the original designers would thus not help the performance outcome or effectiveness of the construction process once it is underway. No claims or contractual disputes are part of the second-lowest performance outcome. Claims or contractual disputes in a project are very often raised among clients and contractors (Yeo and Ning, 2002). The generation of innovative ideas for co nstruction design and method received the lowest rating concerning performance outcome.In fact, adopting new ideas in construction is always inhibited by the fact that there are always prior specifications governing construction activities (Naoum, 2003). Winch (2003) noted that construction is commonly characterized as a backward industry, that is, one that fails to innovate in comparison to other sectors. The strong categorical division of responsibility for design and building worsens this situation. The performance perceived by practitioners in different roles in a construction project Profit There are significant differences between clients and the main contractors in the perception of the performance of profit. Clients are more satisfied than are the main contractors (see Table 5).Clients typically set out the budget for a project at the beginning of project planning, whereas contractors concentrate on cost savings (e. g. reducing the opportunity for claims). Time There are sig nificant differences between clients and main contractors in the perception of performance for the timely completion of projects. Clients are more satisfied than are main contractors (see Table 5). They are normally proactive and principally push for timely completion. Main contractors prefer a contract designed with a reasonable duration for the construction 386 time and fair treatment of claims for EOT (Assaf and Al-Hejji, 2006). each completion delay for a project will be the subject of a penalty for liquidated damages to a contractor (PAH, 2008).In general, clients would consider an incentive bonus for the contractor who completes the project on time or ahead of schedule (Naoum, 2003). Contractors prefer these bonuses as an incentive for finishing on time or early. No claims or contractual disputes There are significant differences between clients, consultants and main contractors in the perception of the performance of no claims or contractual disputes. Clients and consultant s are more satisfied than are main contractors (see Table 5). When initiating a contract, clients normally would have a contingency plan to provide additional money for any claim, for a delay in the project or for a change of design. In general, clients and main contractors take a different stand on claims.Clients scram from claims, while the main contractors benefit. Traditionally, clients are perceived as distrustful and suspicious, while the main contractors are perceived as opportunistic and greedy (Kadefors, 2004). Consultants tend to have a passive attitude to claims, and do not like to see any claims or contractual disputes, as they might be taken to hear their own faulty design or their failure to perform their duty of supervising the main contractors performance. Job satisfaction There are significant differences between clients, consultants and main contractors in the perception of the performance of the job satisfaction of staff.Staff members, as consultants and main co ntractors, are less satisfied than are clients (see Table 5). Staff from clients may participate in the partnering projects more than do the staff from consultants and main contractors. Since the levels of participation for different parties are different, they show differences in regard to this issue. Quality There is no significant difference between clients, consultants and main contractors in the perception of the performance of quality. This seems to illustrate that all partners in the construction project hold reconciled views on the performance of quality. Safety There are significant differences between clients, consultants and main contractors in the perception of the performance of safety.Consultants are less satisfied than are clients and main contractors (see Table 5). Clients simply do not like to see any accidents. The Environment Lai and Lam responsibility for onsite safety is therefore ascribed to the consultants and the contractors (Teo et al. , 2005). Consultants take a passive role in safety during the operations (Teo et al. , 2005) they like to have sufficient planning and budgets for the design of safety at the beginning of a project (Wong and Chan, 2000). The main contractors bear most of the legal liability for safety performance (Chan and Chan, 2004) they commit to ensuring safety under a contractual requirement.There are significant differences between clients and consultants in the perception of the accomplishment of environmental performance. Consultants are generally less satisfied than are clients (see Table 5), who showed less concern in improving environmental performance. This empirical finding agrees with Yao et al. s (2006) basic argument. The design of environmentally friendly projects involves reduced use of natural resources, recycling of construction waste, and the avoidance of being a nuisance in the neighbourhood (Tam et al. , 2004). The green construction concept demands that, at the inception of a project, approval is sought from the client.Although consultants are reactive on this specific issue, they can propose some guidelines for administering a contracts environmental requirements (e. g. contractors should prepare a comprehensive onsite waste management plan). Clients should consider back all of the costs incurred in those contract specifications satisfying these environmental requirements. On the other hand, contractors do not totally disagree with this concept and are usually willing to follow some guidelines, such as avoiding environmental hazards and following safety procedures. Indeed, clients should regularly take the initiative to monitor and closely inspect contractors performance of environmental management.Generation of innovative ideas There are significant differences between clients, consultants and main contractors in how they perceive the accomplishment of innovative ideas about the construction design and method. Consultants are less satisfied than are clients and main cont ractors (see Table 5). In general, consultants play a significant role in generating new ideas about the construction method and the design (Bresnen and Marshall, 2000). The main contractors usually do not put too much effort into promoting innovative ideas unless it is a designand-build project. However, consultants are reluctant to accept a contractors design proposal (Bresnen and Marshall, 2000).In fact, the best innovative ideas for construction design and method should be developed by consultants during the planning phase. However, Performance criteria given the zero-growth budgets and tight schedules for construction projects, consultants seldom take the initiative to generate innovative ideas even though they should. Effectiveness There are significant differences between clients, consultants and main contractors in the perception of the relative effectiveness of a construction process. Clients are more satisfied than are consultants and main contractors (see Table 5). Consul tants, as designers, play an important role by providing good, reliable and complete designs that are buildable.Main contractors play an active role in the construction process (Arobos, 2002 Errasti et al. , 2007), relations with most of the problems raised during the construction stage along with the consultants. Most of the problems generated at the site level and the effective solutions do not involve the clients. The performance of important aspects of different types of construction project There is no significant difference between the three groups in the perception of the performance of government project, public/private utility and private development. This means that there appears to be no relationship between performance outcomes and the types of projects.The performance perceived among staff in different functional roles in partnering organizations There is no significant difference between the three staff groups managerial, frontline supervisory and consultancy, in term s of the perception of performance. This means that there is no relationship between the performance outcomes and the staff in different functional roles in the partnering organizations. 387 and management of, a project, exacerbate the adverse effects of the fragmented nature of construction. There are many methods for trying and overcoming the barriers to optimum performance. For example, the ideas of the publicprivate partnership (PPP) and the private finance initiative (PFI) projects, which create a favourable partnering air between clients and the main contractors (Li et al. , 2005), could help diminish the abovementioned problems.PPP and PFI embrace all of the elements in a successful construction project of design, build and finance, which means a longer project timeframe and a contract sum sufficiently large so as to sustain the partnering atmosphere. Other methods, such as awarding contracts based on quality bids, as well as prices and partnering frameworks, are also recomm ended. Limitations Owing to the large numbers of the sample size and frame and the limited time and resources available, the selection of questionnaire respondents was based on the rationale of purposive sampling, aiming to select some specific categories in the populations. This may cause bias and error.The collected data were chiefly from the main contractors and clients (84% of the total respondents) and may have led to biases that render the result inaccurate. A holistic supply twine must be expansive, embracing the erect networks of subcontractors and suppliers for better partnering. There were also geographical limitations in this study. The survey was only carried out in Hong Kong. It would be beneficial to have the opportunity to test the hypothesis elsewhere. Further research opportunities The results indicate that timely completion of a project is both the most important performance criterion and the highest in terms of the difference in the outcome of the performance with respect to importance. Future studies should seek to elaborate on this factor, exploring how to improve the time actor in a construction project. A new research tradition can be built on a more detailed model that specifies not only the relationships between the free lance and dependent variables, but also the relationships between the independent variables. This means an investigation of the correlation between the factors of two variables as well as within the factors. In such a study, there should be a deeper focus on the correlation among the performance criteria. Regarding the significant difference from the perspectives of clients, consultants and main contractors about the performance outcomes, further additional research is necessary in order to elaborate on theImplications, limitations and further research Implications The present results reveal that, in order to achieve optimum performance, a company should improve its operations by managing the presence of the nine performance criteria. The differences in the perceptions of performance among the key contract participants in a construction project reveal the congeniality problems in the construction industry. The rule of the contract game, or that the lowest price wins, still very much dominates the final stopping point on the selection of contractors. The division of roles between designing and building, and the distinct roles of consultants for 388 more subtle rationale of these differences.A more qualitative data collection method through intensive interviews with participants would provide richer and more in-depth data. Lai and Lam more fairly when claims are made. Practitioners have less concern about the generation of innovative ideas for a construction method and design that make least deviations from performance. Finally, there is no difference in the perception of performance due to the types of projects, or between those staff in different functional roles in the partnering organizat ions. This study in Hong Kong examined, from the points of view of practitioners, the levels of importance of the performance criteria and their respective performance in construction projects.The research reviews the status quo of partnering and the congeniality problems in the industry, and it is intended to stimulate interest in Hong Kong for further exploration of solutions for improving the overall performance of the construction industry. Conclusions Here, we rate the performance criteria in a construction project in Hong Kong. The order of importance of the performance criteria is (1) time (2) profit (3) environment (4) quality (5) safety (6) effectiveness (7) no claims or contractual disputes (8) job satisfaction and (9) generation of innovative ideas. There are differences among the levels of importance of the performance criteria with respect to performance. The positive differences between the levels of importance of the performance criteria and their performance outcomes indicate a common pattern all of the performance criteria underperform.The results of the greatest differences are, in order, (1) time (2) safety (3) quality (4) environment (5) profit (6) job satisfaction (7) effectiveness (8) no claims or contractual disputes and (9) generation of innovative ideas. Timely completion of the project is the most important performance criterion, but it displays the highest deviation of its performance when compared with its importance. This implies that time management is the most critical factor for the performance of a construction project. In Hong Kong, events pertaining to quality, safety and environmental issues during construction always generate a great deal of publicity. In fact, there are quite regular incidents regarding substandard work, serious accidents on construction sites, and complaints regarding pollution and nuisance generated from construction activities.The performance of these three performance criteria can be modify by providi ng a greater budget during the planning of the project, or by allowing a larger budget for design and incentives to achieve good performance. Most clients are satisfied with the performance of profit, although the main contractors are less happy, reflecting the fact that, with the prevailing lowest-pricewins and the procurement practice in construction, the main contractor still stands to lose. In general, most respondents are not satisfied with job satisfaction. The job satisfaction of staff should be enhanced through personal development, job security and encouragement from colleagues and superiors. 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Epsilon a Greenhouse-Geisser Huynh-Feldt Factor 0. 049 966. 660 35 0. 000 0. 682 0. 695 Lower-bound 0. 125 Notes Test the null hypothesis that the error covariance matrix of the orthonormalized transformed dependent variables is relative to an identity matrix. a May be used to adjust the degrees of freedom for the averaged tests of signi? cance. b Design Intercept Within Subjects Design factor. Performance criteria Table A2 Bonferroni test on rating of performan ce criteria (pairwise comparisons) (I) factor (J) factor Mean difference (I J) Std. error Sig. a 391 5% confidence interval for differencea Lower bound stop number bound 0. 033 0. 474 0. 507 0. 227 0. 243 0. 219 0. 583 0. 441 0. 534 0. 576 0. 281 0. 300 0. 278 0. 661 0. 502 0. 206 ? 0. 070 ? 0. 052 ? 0. 073 0. 279 0. 140 ? 0. 146 ? 0. 125 ? 0. 145 0. 198 0. 069 0. 073 0. 061 0. 481 0. 337 0. 020 0. 470 0. 330 0. 498 0. 355 ? 0. 012 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 4 5 6 7 8 9 5 6 7 8 9 6 7 8 9 7 8 9 8 9 9 ?0. 074 0. 312* 0. 364* 0. 086 0. 102 0. 077 0. 429* 0. 293* 0. 386* 0. 438* 0. 160* 0. 176* 0. 151* 0. 503* 0. 367* 0. 052 ? 0. 225* ? 0. 210* ? 0. 235* 0. 117 ? 0. 019 ? 0. 278* ? 0. 262* ? 0. 287* 0. 065 ? 0. 071 0. 015 ? 0. 009 0. 343* 0. 207* ? 0. 25 0. 327* 0. 191* 0. 352* 0. 216* ? 0. 136* 0. 033 0. 050 0. 044 0. 044 0. 044 0. 044 0. 048 0. 046 0. 046 0. 043 0. 037 0. 038 0. 039 0. 049 0. 042 0. 048 0. 048 0. 049 0. 050 0. 050 0. 049 0. 041 0. 042 0. 044 0. 041 0. 043 0. 01 8 0. 022 0. 043 0. 040 0. 014 0. 044 0. 043 0. 045 0. 043 0. 038 0. 969 0. 000 0. 000 10. 000 0. 731 10. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 001 0. 000 0. 005 0. 000 0. 000 10. 000 0. 000 0. 001 0. 000 0. 705 10. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 10. 000 10. 000 10. 000 10. 000 0. 000 0. 000 1. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 000 0. 017 ?0. 182 0. 150 0. 221 ? 0. 054 ? 0. 039 ? 0. 065 0. 275 0. 145 0. 238 0. 300 0. 040 0. 052 0. 25 0. 345 0. 232 ? 0. 101 ? 0. 381 ? 0. 368 ? 0. 396 ? 0. 044 ? 0. 177 ? 0. 410 ? 0. 399 ? 0. 430 ? 0. 069 ? 0. 211 ? 0. 042 ? 0. 079 0. 204 0. 076 ? 0. 069 0. 184 0. 053 0. 206 0. 077 ? 0. 260 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Notes Based on estimated marginal means. * The mean difference is signi? cant at the 0. 05 level. a Adjustment for multiple comparisons Bonferroni. 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