Learning Environment Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Learning Environment - Research Paper ExampleEnvironment is listed as one of the major(ip) contri exceptors to the learning process. It has a very high impact on the knowledge that is inflicted on us. While comparison the environs to student learning, environment means external factors that affect the classroom or the learning process. These complicate classmates, bullies, timetables, lecturers among others. From an organizations point of view, the learning process comprises both the organization and the staff members. The environment of an organization involves the company thrill and vision, core values as well as the overall strategic plans. The company resources and the annual goals and implementation processes constitute the organizational environment (Ormond, 2004).One of the major contributors to the theories of learning is Jean Piaget, who came up with the theory of cognitive development. check to Piagets theory there are tetrad development stages of a childs developmen t from the inherent impulses to complex activities. The four stages include Sensorimotor Stage (Age 0-2) - In the sensorimotor stage, the rational compositions are mainly involved with the statement of material objects.Pre-operational Stage (Age 2-7) - This stage involves the subordination of signs and symbols. Concrete Operational (Age 7-11) - In the concrete stage, children learn mastery of modules, associations and figures and how to rationale. Formal Operational (early teens after 11) - The last stage deals with the mastery of ideas and contemplation. In Piagets theory the environment contributes since children capable to different environments tend to master objects, signs and symbols differently, and tend to rationalize things in different means. Therefore according to Piaget the environment serves as a catalyst to learning and overall development. (Ormond, 2004.)In organizations, aspects such as technology overly serve as the environment and they promote the extent of lea rning. Over time many changes pee-pee interpreted place in organizations beca utilize technology has been consistently advancing. Just a decade or so ago the postal system and the fax machine were the fastest ways to get things done. In right aways environment we use emails and scans for the majority of written correspondences (Edelman, 2006).In the days gone by, in-person conferences were a daily ritual but in our fast pace world of cubicle phones and conference call the slow means have been replaced and it is now possible for people across the United States to purchase, finance and close deals without ever leaving their homes. Individuals today cannot live without a blackberry and a computer. Individuals and companies have to work daily with all the available advances in Technology. They are constantly in different computer programs to help with daily activities of the office (Frank, 2003). Companies are as well as using all types of office equipment to actively stay in touch with their clients. Without the new world of cell phones, email, multi line phone systems and faxes it would take weeks to do what is done today in just a discipline of hours. Firms rely heavily on the latest advancements in the coffee world to stay

Leadership in organizations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Leadership in organizations - Essay ExampleSecondly, it provides an insight into their leadership betterment towards individuals and teams. Thirdly, aspects of effective and strategic leadership for change as well as team development and focusing remain considered in analyzing the companys leadership hyphen of the two managers. Lastly, a personal purpose on the management styles and recommendations of this case study group would be compound in the report. Report on the Leadership Style of Mountain West Company Introduction Leadership styles include controlling, bureaucratic, laissez-faire(prenominal) and popular. egalitarian leaders believe that staffs can be led while autocratic leaders believe in pushing staffs. Autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire leaders exercise low, moderate and high delegation respectively whereas bureaucratic leaders believe in equal delegation for all staffs. Autocratic leader makes decisions and declares them or sells decisions whereas laissez-f aire leaders define limits and ask staffs to make decisions or permit staffs to function within defined limits. Additionally, democratic leaders may present ideas and invite questions, present tentative decisions subject to change or could as well present problems to staffs to obtain suggestions and thereby make decisions. However, bureaucratic leaders apply any style in decision making depending on the staffs and the present situation. Evelyn demonstrates democratic leadership while throng demonstrates autocratic leadership. Analysis and evaluation of the both leadership styles For several years, Mountain West diligent various aspects in the operations of the call centre that gave the company a competitive edge over and above their develop competitors in the industry. Under the management of Evelyn, she ensured the allocation of regular breaks to the staffs of the department. As well, various training opportunities and trainings remained available to the staffs in facilitating an up to date acquisition of knowledge regarding customer service techniques, different products and problem solving skills. Moreover, Evelyn having taken into account her vast experience at the department and the pressure related to the work made purvey for flexible working schedules for the call centre staffs. Furthermore, the team at the customer service department incorporated their operations to integrate customers needs. This encouraged staffs to take adequate time in understanding and resolving customers problems. This would too be attributed to the ability of Evelyn to foster organizational needs in their activities at the department as they mat part of the company irrespective of their low pay (Lussier & Achua 2009, pp. 404-407). By contrast, a young manager becomes employed following Evelyns retirement to manage the customer service department. The senior management perceives the appointment of pile to the reduced and controlled costs of the department. With the mindset of attaining the mark, James increased the number of calls per hour for each staff as well as cutting back on the number of training the department received. Under James management, performance would be measured in terms of efficient scheduling though not reflecting tractableness and speed. In the face of these changes, the costs of the depa

Economic Downturn and Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Downturn and Crime - Essay ExampleAccording to the findings, it can, therefore, be say that the Economic downturn is a period characterized by declines in the economic activities in an economy, an economic downturn may last from months to years and is normally visible within employment, real income, production, and other indicators. As per the one-time(prenominal) research conducted by Finklea, for example in the United States, the economic downturn does fuel crimes. Figures show an adjoin in the crime level that resulted from opposition parties, members of different parties fighting each other. In England and Wales, the figures of crime stick out changed as a result of the economic downturn records show that the domestic burglaries raised by iv percent, forgery and fraud rose by 16% while the burglaries within the businesses rose by 3%. The annual crime statistics for 2014 also show that the crime crop increased in terms of pitch-dark stabbings, the records show an increase of 16% in the number of knife robberies. As per the journal by Finklea the assumptions do by the security officials in 2014 also show that the number of property crimes increased which in to the highest degree cases accounts for 70% of all the recorded crimes. The estimates are that with the increase in the economic crisis then the crime rate will keep increasing. The public even with the increasing crime rates is still very burnished in that the crime rates will reduce.

Founding of Ross Screenprint Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Founding of Ross Screenprint - investigate Paper Examples refined his idea about T-Shirts and eventually started Ross Screenprint as a teensy-weensy business that served residents within the town in early 1993 (Ross Screenprint, N.p). Despite facing various challenges such as market uncertainty, funds constraint, and inadequate supplies of T-Shirts, Daniel Ross was quite optimistic that his business will grow and serve the interests of the partnership while still maintaining the overall purpose that was to generate profits. He took the bold step and went out of his charge to seek for financial assistance and advice from close family members including his father who perpetually motivated him to move on with the dazzling, and ostensibly precarious idea.When forming Ross Screenprint, Daniel was aware of the fact that the design industry required an empathetic approach. In 2008, for instance, the business was confront with the challenge of a potential failure resulting from the wors ening economic situations that were fueled by the 2007/08 economic recession. However, Daniel show his management ability by regulating the production of T-shirts and reducing the costs of customizing clothes. Apparently, no customer was leftover behind, and his concern for customers made his business thrive amidst the hostile economic environment (Palmer, 122). He has always stayed busy and motivation, vital factors that have helped the business to maintain a strong customer-base.Under the assistance of Industry Canada that whole kit and boodle with firms in several areas to ensure Canadas innovative performance and improve the economic conditions to attract investors, Ross Screenprint started festering and expanding its services in 1994. Daniel Ross, the companys CEO and major executive, immediately realized that there was the requirement to include more people in the administration of the venture. Consequently, he hired three people who helped him in managing the affairs of t he business as well as spread the word about the existence of the business. As the company

Tension between Analysis informing and analysis setting policy Essay

Tension between psychoanalysis informing and analysis place policy - Essay ExampleEvery aspect of the issue has to be looked in to so that the policy becomes efficient and successful once implemented. While forming policy the practicability of the similar should not be ignored otherwise riding horse up of the policy becomes invalid. However, once the policy is universe formed and context of use is under way, there can rose conflicts as to the people, budget, and time factors involved in the policy setting. Policy analysis helps in explaining, why are there so many differences in the way we organize productive activity. When a policy is about to be set the scope of the problem has to be evaluated well. Moreover, in analysis of setting policy an analyst must look in to more of practice and applying side rather than just projecting certain actions to achieve a goal. When analyzing a setting up of a policy, certain factors like cost effectiveness, people involved, time frame etc. ,are also to be considered. If there is any discrepancy in the analyzing in forming policy it can very well contemplate in the setting up process. According to Torjman(2005)The actual formulation of policy involves the identification and analysis of a range of actions that respond to these concerns. Each possible solution is assessed against a number of factors such as potential effectiveness, potential cost, resources required for implementation, political context and community support. Should analytical products be purely informatory? Analytical products are tools which are utilize for assessing the viability and utility of a policy in an organization. These products are used by organization while they formulate and set policies so as to give policy makers a wider spectrum of actions to choose from to achieving a specific goal. It is very essential for an analytical product to be purely informative as it allows the organizations to choose the right product suitable for them. In order to improve the policy forming and setting process utilization of analytical products is a key aspect. They help in the appropriate evaluation and measure of policies so as to give proper results. Analytical products are used primarily as a qualitative approach to evaluate the policy forming and setting. Process. Munger states that Your evaluation of the major policy that was enacted to deal with the problem involves your mind of how well that policy addressed the problem. Analytical products set various bench marks to follow, so that the goal of the policies does not distract from the goal. It is very essential for the analytical products to be purely informative, so as to make the analysis process efficient. Decision and policy makers always make sure that the future policies and strategies retain a solid ability to achieve the set goals. To obtain a quality analysis a very refined analytical product is required otherwise the whole process of policy forming and setting bec omes worthless. Most officials encourage the analytical products to be clearly informative to know what the product has to offer. The policy makers urgency their policies to be analyzed with a product which is transparent. They

Poverty in Rural America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Poverty in Rural the States - Essay ExampleA system found on free market economics makes it difficult for the most vulnerable to gradually move forward towards greater security. Farm workers who must perform physically demanding work on minimal wages give noticenot go by to work forever and this means that a need exists to find ways for trying to ensure that individuals can meet their needs to retire in dignity. This essay presents a discussion about poverty in rural America to conclude that perhaps efforts to stimulate entrepreneurship that is personalised and tailor made for individuals using biotic community funds by empowered local leadership may work better. Tax credits, temporary financial assistance and allocation of low paying but draining jobs to poor individuals have failed to present perdurable solutions for improving the lot of the rural poor in America and elsewhere.The term poverty refers to a want of income or other resources needed for maintaining a minimally acceptable standard of living (Goreham, 572 573). According to the antecedently mentioned author, poverty in the linked States of America has often been associated with urban slums and ghettos, but historically and today, poverty in the United States of America is far more prevalent in the rural areas compared to the urban areas of the country. According to the United States Census Bureau, about 13% of the total population of the United States of America, about 37 million people, lived below the poverty line in the year 2005 (GAO, 1). In addition, the U.S. Census Bureau stated that for the past tetrad years, the poverty rate in the United States had been increasing (Spriggs, 14). However, the fact that nearly eighty-five percent of Americas high poverty counties were not metropolitan suggests that rural poverty is the more prevalent and slap-up compared to urban poverty (Landon, 14 15). Thus, it is clear that it

The effect of various types of electoral balloting on election results Research Paper - 1

The effect of various types of electoral balloting on election results - query Paper ExamplePaper ballots for political elections first appeared in America in 1889 (Fund 7). Originally, suffragers would write the cognomen of their candidate of choice on a piece of paper (Fund 9). In modern times, parties preprint ballot papers, and the voter selects their preferred candidate by ticking or crossing (Fund 9). Incidence of gentlemans gentleman error that may occur while utilizing such a ballot is high. However, the reason why this system is ineffective is the laws that prescribe the likely occurrence of these errors. The Supreme Court set standards that ensure objectivity and fairness in the vote counting process (Segal et al 309). However, these standards seem prejudiced because they allow the skilled vote counters the privilege to engage arguments such as technicalities to disqualify a vote even in situations where the voter displays intent (Streb 74). The govern party in most instances may use these standards to reduce the votes for the opposition. For instance, the party may ensure its voter officials train better than those of the opposition allowing them to detect technicalities with much more ease than the oppositions officials (Fund 35). As such, the officials favor voter intent for their party while rejecting voter intent for other parties. Currently, less than 2% of American voters utilize this system (Streb 92). Hand counting ballot papers is a time overpowering cumbersome process (Streb 91). This may lead to errors as the electoral officials become overwhelmed by the counting. This method as well as has a high level of fraud as it is easy to steal or misplace them (Streb 91). mechanised lever machines first appeared in America in the 1892 elections. Their popularity over the years that followed reflects on the fraudulent genius of the paper ballot that people were trying to escape (Avaliktos 160). The citizenry trusted technology (hence the m achine) over human

Humanitarian Action Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Humanitarian Action - Essay causaThis paper highlights that according to international humanitarian law, the regenerate to water entails the right to sufficient, acceptable, safe, affordable and physically accessible water for both domestic and own(prenominal) use. In terms of quantity, an adequate gist of water is that amount needed to reduce the threat of water-related diseases, prevent death that could arise out of dehydration, and to cater for cooking, consumption, and domestic and personal hygiene requirements.This study stresses thatthe provision of humanitarian support in form of water sanitation and hygiene is important as it is attached to the value of water which is inextricably related to other human right rights such as the right to food, health and housing. This means that sanitation and water are key determinants for endurance in the first stages, and indeed all stages, of a disaster. In most cases, vulnerable groups are liable(predicate) to death from disease a nd illness which are closely related to poor sanitation, unretentive water supplies, and inadequate sanitation.Water and sanitation programmes are mainly aimed at reducing the exposure to disease vectors and transmission of faeco-oral ailments through with(predicate) the provision of safe drinking water, promotion of good hygiene as well as the drop-off of risks that are related to poor hygienic conditions. Closely related to water is sanitation which involves vector control, voiding disposal, drainage and waste disposal.

Stem cell research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Stem prison carrel - Research project ExampleIn addition to this, stem cells also help in the internal repairing of the organs by dividing themselves endlessly to cover up for the lost or damaged cells. The in the buff cell which is formed by the stem cell division has the ability to both begin another stem cell or a cell with a particular function. Because of its functions, its biological uses atomic number 18 endless. Human heart muscles can be rebuilt, as well as cartilage muscles, bones, neurons and skeletal muscles. Pancreatic cells can be developed for diabetes patients, neurons for muckle with Alzheimers and bone marrow for cancer patients. These are but a a few(prenominal) uses to mention. (Gross) Stem cell technology is the best biological step towards repairing of damaged organs as well as creating new ones. The goal of using stem cells is to strap up the chemical signals by which stem cells synchronize the information of organs of a fetus in the womb, and then re peat the process in adulthood to determine the damaged organs into a better sustainable condition. (KU medical examination centre) Up till now the query has only been conducted on mice but it is believed that this technology would soon be in practice. Researchers in Washington account that the stem cells derived from the embryos have the potential to repair organs in two ways The stem cells either take up the place of the wounded areas or by secreting vital chemicals which help tissues to repair themselves. (Info centre) Craig Basson, director of cardiovascular research at Cornell Universitys Weill Medical College in New York said Most of the work on stem cells to date has focused on how to get these cells to turn into a heart cell, a kidney cell, a bone cell or whatever it is you need,. Biological materials like bone marrow, kidneys and even heart could be created out of a stem cell thus with proper utilization and work on this technique, these materials would become abundant. Heart deformities which previously had no cure and proved to be fatal could be cured by the introduction of stem cells in the affected place as proved by the research and experiments. (KU medical centre) For the first time in the history of biological development, such a gigantic leap has been interpreted and it is believed, it would result in a positive turn on the life and health of the people. The future is mantic to hold a limitless reserve of the stem cells which would be readily available as per the hire of the user the prospect of having a new pancreas as well as having your heart repaired with a few injections of stem cells is highly exciting. Abnormalities in blood cells and weak immune system in the people are constantly on the rise and even the youngsters are affected by this stem cells offer a cure to these abnormalities. Heart diseases are the biggest problem faced by the patients around the world. (Kiessling) Most of the time, these result in death as heart transpla nts are exceedingly rare and repair of the organ without the stem cell is impossible. This is the reason what makes heart an expensive biological material, making the treatment of these diseases very costly. In America alone, the primitive cost of treating cardiovascular diseases and stroke in 2004 is estimated to reach almost $368 billion. Introduction of stem cells would be a great relief for such patients and heart disease would tend to be less lethal. When put into practice,

SQL&Security Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

SQL&Security - Assignment ExampleThe collection has a provision for checking and validating the typed parameters.3). a). afterward using SQL injection, the table that had the users came up. These were the names of the flying field being referenced. The command that was used was =. Inputting this in the name field made the database to drop the able limit. The contents are valid because they came assigned with user IDs.3). b). When the characters = are enter in the username text box, the results is the contents of all the usernames that can access the system. The database responds to this entry by displaying all the contents for the field entered. The result for this is the display of the contents of the username table as shown below.(((((250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-9).(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-90).(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-90).(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-910-9)-(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-9).(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-90).(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-90).(250-5 20-40-90-110-921-910-910-9))((250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-9).(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-90).(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-90).(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-910-9))),)*)(((250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-9).(250-520-40-90-110-921-910-911-b)Students numbers are predictable because they are sequential and are assigned tally to faculty. This makes it easy to predict another students number, to beak this zip an algorithm is created to subtract the cipher byte from the respective ascii equivalent of the number, after they have been converted to binary.An example Student ID number is

American women Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

American women - Essay ExampleWomen without a college score were not considered for whatsoever form of employment and so any women who wanted a career of any description had no choice but to attain a college degree. It was at this time that women started to introduce themselves into banking and accountancy but women diplomats, barristers and judges were non existent.In the years following World War 11 the number of students absentminded to attend college exploded with soldiers returning from war and children from the baby boomer era attaining school age. As a result, the number of educational facilities increased and co-education became prevalent.During the 1960s and 1970s , Due to Social And Legislative Changes, Several Institutions Of higher(prenominal) Education That Had Been Previously All-Male Opened Their Doors To Women(Harwarth, Maline & DeBra, archived).The situation, of course, is vastly different now with all students, regardless of gender or racial status having the sa me opportunities in higher education. The prime example is that we now have an African American President. Woman, now, participate in previously male dominated occupations such as mathematics and electronic computer and physical sciences. Studies of four year term female colleges have shown that,hey Have Conferred Upon Women Equal or big Portions of Bachelor Degrees in Male Dominated Fields Than The Norm.(Harwart, Maline & DeBra, archived).Harwarth, Irene, Maline, Mindi. DeBra, Elizabeth.(archived information).omens Colleges In The United StatesHistory,Issues and ChallengesThe Womens College Coalition. Retrieved from

A Systems Approach to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling in Corwin Outline

A Systems access to Planning, Scheduling, and Controlling in Corwin Corporation - Out verge Example8. Lack of group unity The supervisors demonstrated clear leadership by abandoning members of their team and engaged in a blame-game which led to conflict amongst the team, thereby negatively affecting shake off outcomes.8. Lack of team unity The supervisors demonstrated weak leadership by abandoning members of their team and engaged in a blame-game which led to conflict amongst the team, thereby negatively affecting project outcomes.9. inexpert employees The lack of skilled participants for the project jeopardized the quality of decisions made (in this case the faulty decision of accepting the project by violating cost margins in support of the client).2. Poor external communication Internal stakeholders were not taken into confidence along with no clear guidelines as to who has authority for the project led to conflicts, confusion and lack of unanimous direction.3. Weaknesses i n corporate culture As per Corwins culture, employees did not feel the need to fresh their superiors in case of critical data which led to ignorance of underlying problems and ultimate failure.1. Delayed engagement of line managers in the process Corwins line managers were unable to provide their inputs during the proposal that could have influenced it and could have presumptuousness a clearer picture in the beginninghand.2. Poor procurement decision Corwins decision to procure raw materials before the contract was signed which exposed the company to financial risk in case anything went wrong foregoing to the contract signing.3. Poorly planned change management process Testing process was continuously change which led to inconsistent results and increased costs for Corwin.

Behavioural-Based Safety in the Construction Companies Essay

Behavioural-Based Safety in the Construction Companies - Essay ExampleWhile in that respect ar many other explanations, the research paper will seek to determine the explanations that are relevant to the current case study, which is employee perception of bbs at the workplace, BBS training, condom awareness, safety participation, and group safety culture. A quantitative method study will be used for this research study with a survey-based research design. The research study will utilize probability sampling, which will seek to get at least fifteen labor workers at Tarmac Zawawi LLC. It is expected that high scores in BBS training, perception, awareness, participation, and group safety culture will result in high levels of safety and, therefore, fewer incidents and accidents.Because of the equipment, machinery, working(a) height, and external activities involved in the construction sector, it is one of the most dangerous occupations in the industry. There are a number of factors , which lead to accidents in this setting. One of them is unsafe conditions and way, in which the individuals behavior accounts for approximately 75% of all events (Roughton & Mercurio, 2012 p82). In addition, most studies suggest that unsafe behavior among workers is more to foot than the safety of conditions in the occurrence of accidents. If unsafe conditions do exist and individuals accept the risk associated with the construction and keep normally with their activities, accidents cannot be blamed on the conditions alone. Therefore, failure to identify conditions that are unsafe prior to and during construction, to occur with construction even after the unsafe conditions are identified, and unsafe performance without regard to the conditions at the localise are three major reasons for construction site accidents (Roughton & Mercurio, 2012 p86). Inaddition, unsafe conditions are brought about by unsafe actions from individual workers and their colleagues, management practice s, and inhuman events.

Organizational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness Term Paper

organisational Commitment and Organizational Effectiveness - Term Paper ExampleOrganizational change is primarily geomorphologic in character and it is designed to bring about alterations in organizational structure, methods, and dishes. (Nilanjan, S et al,3 2006) Change is indigenous to all organizations operating in business markets which involve improvements on current ways of doing things, of fine-tuning operations and implementing additive changes on standard operating procedures. (Patrick D, and Constantine A, 2009)4 According to Whybrow (2007,p.5)5 it is necessary to act in times of immediate change, no matter how nasty it may seem or how much it impacts on staff or colleagues. In view of the changing nature of business and risks involved in it which is evident through the recession and stinting depression occurring time and again challenging the business policies of the top leaders, change is necessary to face bran-new challenges of every facet like accounting, technology , management, etc. There are certain factors that contribute to the change process in an organization like internal forces which include financial constraints, the need to do more with less, cross-functional teams, mergers and acquisitions, and sceptered workers, etc. and external forces like new workforce demographics, changing expectations about quality, productivity, and customer satisfaction along with new technologies (APQC, 1999).6 The transformation of the bankrupt organization like Chrysler in 1970s to profitability which was possible referable to the effective leadership of Iacocca, who revamped the internal politics and systems, changed the management structure, trimmed tens of thousands of employees, won concessions from UAW and transforming the company loser bell ringer of government bailout into positive ethnic shift. It is pertinent to mention here that organizational change is triggered by an showcase which indicates the need for change like bankruptcy, in the cas e of Chrysler. However, it is assumed that change is followed by mixed reactions which exit positive impetus for change along with negative resistance from individuals and the organizations like technical systems, political systems and cultural systems (Pagan, 20087 and Rashid, Sambasivan & Rahman, 2003)8 The present paper discusses the role of culture and commitment to organizational change and provides some recommendation to obligate the commitment in the change process. Culture is often defined as that which is shared by and uncomparable to a given organization or group and is an integrating mechanism, the social or normative gum tree that holds together a potentially diverse group of organizational members. (Warwick Organizational Behavior Staff, 2001, p.322)9 Smircich (cited in Iivari, n.d)10 analyse different conceptions of organizational culture in relation to anthropological schools which have been conceived either as a variable or as a root metaphor for conceptualizing organization which is further divided into devil areas organizations have been regarded as cultures or having a culture. It is further mentioned that culture contributes to the overall balance and effectiveness of an organization.

Bus 499 The Learning and Growth Perspective case 4 Essay

Bus 499 The Learning and Growth Perspective shift 4 - Essay Examplethan only focusing on the customer aspect, internal perspective, financial perspective and innovation and learning perspective, it is also very essential that the party incorporates the importance of growth and learning indoors the lodge. Johnson believes that the most heavy quadrant in the balance score card. This is simple because the foundation of future is do strong by trusted people who had a fire to grow. The company serves the niche market for over 5 decades now and has a wide range of customers and a wide market as well. The professorship of the company, Susan Johnson, focuses on the key that a companys value id added with the ability to learn and innovate and improve. indeed keeping this in mind Johnson has focused a lot on the business scorecard generally in the learning sector.Futuras main focus is on the measurement of the customers the company has. The company focuses on continuous improvement s of the competencies within the firm. Also the company aims at providing the employees with a safe, challenging and positive working environment. The company aims at ensuring that all the people hired within the company have a shared determine as that of the company and have a drive and fire within themselves to contribute to the company by learning, innovating and working towards ensuring the goals of the company (Johnson, 2003).The companys mission is Extraordinary Value through Extrusions, to ensure this is achieved the company works with its employees and expects them to contribute to the success of the company as well as the customers. The company takes a follow of measures to ensure that only the right candidates are chosen for the company. This is because of the fact that the employees play a very important role both for the company success as well the success of customers. To ensure the company is well balanced the company has introduced a number of different programs, li ke the annual performance, birthday reviews, certifications,

Chronic Offenders Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

inveterate Offenders - Assignment ExampleA group of North the Statesn researchers, including Don Andrews, Paul Gendreau, Robert Ross and Ted Palmer were reanalyzing data in 1975, same time as Martinson was announcing that only a few things had effect on recidivism, and found issue that many things worked in contrast to the report that Martinson was basis his theory on.The re- abstract of the facts proved that the Nothing works principle was wrong, a claim which was further boosted by Martinsons proclamation of the same in his paper in 1979, acknowledging the errors in the earlier reviews. Since then, a number of meta-analytical study results verify the efficacy of some of the correctional approaches to inveterate offenders. Instances include review of twelve meta-analyses on correctional treatment by Losel, which estimated the effects sizes of these treatment ranges in the midst of r=+.05 and r=+.36, with a mean of r=+.10 in all the cases analyzed. McGuire followed suite in 2000 w ith analysis of six other meta-analyses, obtaining a reduction rate on recidivism of between 5% and 10%. His destruction was that some methods of correction were more effective and concordant than other, but rehabilitation definitely worked on chronic offenders.Punishment-oriented correctional measures are not effective. Personally, I perceive these punishments as crime cultivators enhancing the growth of what they claim to report out. The intimidation of the offenders by punishment-oriented measures does not lower the risk of these offenders engaging in crime, rather, it increases it. Recidivism increases with each punishment. These sentiments are consistent with the recent research carried out by RAND Corporation on adult inmates of state prisons in America (Franklin, Pratt & Gau, 2011). Inmates subjected to punishments had a tendency to commit more crimes than those subjected to rehabilitation measures. According to Robert Ross and Gendreau, claims of effective rehabilitation of chronic

Problem of Good and Evil Essay Example for Free

Problem of Good and injustice Essay? 12/2/09 How can a God who is both omnipotent and good take unfairness in the world? For Christians, evil can be a problem beca engagement non-believers can use it as a way to attack Christianity. The first thing they might say is if t here(predicate) is evil, thence God must non be good or omnipotent because he is allowing it. Yes, God allows evil in the world, but evil does not come from God. Evil comes directly from Satan. We examine this in the accommodate of Matthew, vs. 1-11, where Satan tries to tempt Jesus.Another way an non-believer may discredit Christianity is saying that because there is evil, God doesnt exist. This is unquestionably false. God does exist and we know because the intelligence says so. We also can see the results of his cater. Some examples of that are when Moses guide the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and God parted the waters of the red sea so they could turn through, but he closed them over the Egy ptians and they were wiped out. Another example is the woman who had been bleeding for twelve years, in Mark 5 25-34, and with one touch of Jesus robe, was healed.This is just a little taste of Gods power over evil. Finally, non-believers could say that God is no better than pagan gods, but he is real and here to save us. God hates evil, but Adam sinned which caused evil in mankind, and he had to bear the consequences of his disobedience against God. The Bible shows us that God is both omnipotent and good. God is omnipotent which means all-powerful. In Luke 137, it says For null is impossible with God. There isnt anything that God cant do.Also in Rev. 196, it states Then I perceive what sounded like a great multitude, like the roar of rushing waters and like loud peals of thunder, shouting Hallelujah For our Lord God Omnipotent reigns. In that verse, we see God directly described using that word. direct on the other hand, God is good. How can we define good? That is difficult t o do. My definition of good is Having delectable or positive qualities. God is good to his people, and everything he has created.Psalm 1361, a passage about Gods goodness, says, induce thanks to the Lord, for he is good. His love endures forever. Another passage is from Psalm 348, which says O taste and see that the Lord is good blessed is the man that trusts in him. This verse is saying that if you let God in your life, you will see that he can provide only good things for you. He will not bring evil your way. God may cause trials in your life, but that is only because he wants to nominate perseverance, as said in James 13.

Explain Why William Became Involved in Wales in the Years 1066 to 1087 Essay Example for Free

exempt Why William Became Involved in Wales in the Years 1066 to 1087 Essay* Had to keep Wales at bay because the spring kept shifting * Rebels that went against William went to Wales for refuge The main reason that William became involved in Wales shortly after he had taken England was because he would thrust come uponn the rip off as a threat. Along with umpteen other countries, they would commit known that the situation in England was unstable and William may have thought Wales were planning an invasion. To assert his authority over Wales, he lead a campaign into their country in 1066 and an even larger one in 1081 for the sole project of asserting his dominance over the country. If he shown just how officeful he was, and then the Welsh princes would see that it was in their best interests to submit. He would have thought that because Wales had submitted to Edward the Confessor, they should do the same with him. Another reason wherefore he got involved with Willia m was because the borders between England and Wales were an issue. The borders between the two countries kept shifting which led to disputes between the Welsh and the English over the land. This would have created tautness and William would have had to intervene.This is why he built castles along the border so he could establish the trend between his country and Wales. Also, why he precious this line to be established was because Wales was having a power struggle itself. Because there were multiple princes in Wales there were many disputes going on and William did not want this spilling over into his country. Furthermore, some rebels that went against William such as Hereward the Wake and Edric the insupportable took shelter in wales when their rebellions had failed.Because Wales was sheltering the rebels from William, this made Wales an enemy to Williams reign. Overall, the reason why William became involved with wales during his reign was because he wanted to show them that he was in charge and was vastly superior to them. Scotland presented major problems to William in the familys 1066 to 1087. Explain whether you agree or disagree with this view Plan * The northern rebellion-Malcolm teamed up with Edgar and the Danes * Malcolm was a king- natural emulation dating back Tension between borders- this meant that Malcolm was hiding rebels * 1072 march into Scotland- showed his power because nobody really stop him * Treaty of Abernethy was signed which meant that Malcolm recognised him as a leader and kicked Edgar out of his court. Scotland certainly caused issues for William during his years as the King of England however the severity of King Malcolms threats is to be disputed. One of the most important reasons why Malcolm was considered a threat was because he became involved in the 1069 Northern rebellion.If Scotland had invaded by itself with nobody else supporting them, then they would have not been much of a threat. However when teamed up with the Dan es and Edgar Aetheling, who was called king by rebels, the threat became substantially larger. Due to the North still existence semi-independent from the south according to a historian, William did not have as much power here than he did down south which allowed Malcolm and Edgar to gain considerable support which was a major problem for William because he had only been King for 3 years and his hold on power was still quite fragile.Another reason why Scotland was such a threat was because there was tension around the borders of Scotland and England. Much like Wales, the borders kept changing and this caused dispute between landowners. Also, Scotland could provide refuge for anyone that had rebelled against William (including Edgar) which would have furthered the tensions. The disputes of land had also caused problems for William. Lands such as Cumbria and Northumbria were disputed between Malcolm and William.This became worrying for William because parts of his kingdom were being threatened to be taken from him which would give Malcolm more land and support against William. However, the threat of Scotland was not as substantial as some historians make it out to be. In 1072, William marched through Scotland with relative ease. Although Williams army was fearfully exposed according to Purser, the Scottish did not capitalize on this opportunity. This could be interpreted as Malcolm demo he did not want to fight against William.This point links into the treaty of Abernethy. In the same year Malcolm met William at abernethy and signed a treaty which shown that he recognised William as his superior. According to purser, in dependable faith, Malcolm kicked Edgar out of his court which would have made further rebellions in the north very difficult. Overall, Scotland was initially a threat around the time of the Northern rebellion however the treaty of Abernathy played a main factor in extinguishing the threat of the Scottish.

Self Introduction Essay Example for Free

Self Introduction EssayGoodmorning maam, classmates, and friends. To mean solar day, i would like to impart some facts active me. Most of you here dont know me yet so first of all, i would like to introduce myself. I am Jenifer Aya-ay. I was born on the 26th of September, 1993. I am 19 years former(a) to be exact. I am taking up BS Tourism Major in Ecotourism and this is my junior(prenominal) of studying in this university. I came from the Province of Misamis Occidental particularly in the city of Oroquieta. My campus address is in Ashreen Cottage Dimalna II, MSU-Marawi City.Normally, I am a loud type of person most especially when i am with my friends. So dont be surprised whe neer i get noisy at times. I think i have gotten this kind of attitude from my family because most of them are likewise talented of being a conversationalist. Id love to meet new people and socializing with them. In short, I could be everybodys friend. My favorite pleasure is sleeping. I just love to sleep and i dont know why. Next is that I spend a good deal time in surfing the internet particularly the social networking sites such as facebook and twitter. I also have interest in singing and dancing. Way back elementary and high school years, I used to join dance troupes and singing competitions but unfortunately, it was not practiced anymore when i entered college.As for now, I would like to share to you a more personal stuff. Everyone, I already have a baby. As for anyone who got pregnant for an early age, you will have mixed and strange emotions on how to deal with such difficult situation. But suddenly, i realized that Ive got nowhere to go and so I took the guts to guarantee the situation to my parents besides, no one else could help me get through this except them. By then, we had some mellow-dramatic moments you could never imagine. After I confessed everthing, it was when i can say that im truly blessed for having an open-minded, considerate and understanding parent s eventhough i have disappointed them a lot.So much for that, i want to show you the most handsome reward i got out from that experience. This is my precious little baby. I gave birth to her on the 25th day of January this year. As you can see, shes an innocent, delicate thing and indeed, a gorgeous daughter just like her mother.I am proud to say that this experience was the moment i did something that took a lot of courage and a milestone that seemed so bad but turned out to be good.

Deat Adam Smith and the Wealth of Nations Essay Example for Free

Deat offer smith and the Wealth of Nations EssayThey would do this non as a means of benefiting society, nevertheless in an effort to outperform their competitors and gain the greatest profit. entirely all this self-interest would benefit society as a whole by providing it with more and soften goods and services, at the lowest prices. To explain why all society benefits when the economy is free of enactment, Smith employ the metaphor of the invisible mess Every individual is continually exerting himself to find the roughly discriminatory piece of work for whatever capital he can command. It this own advantage, and not that of society, which he has in mind, but he is in this, as in many other cases, led by an invisible hand to levy and remove which was no part of his intention, for the persuade of his own advantage necessarily leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to society. The invisible hand was Smiths name for the economic forces that we today would call depict and demand, or the marketplace. He sharply disagreed with mercantilists who, in theft quest for a favorable balance of trade, called for regulation of the economy.Instead, Smith agreed with the physiocrats and their policy of laissez faire letting individual and businesses function without interference from government regulation of unavowed monopolies. In that way, the invisible hand would be free to guide the economy and maximize production. The Wealth of Nations goes on to describe the principal elements of the economic system. In a famous section, Smith turned to the pin industry to demonstrate how the division of labour and the use of machinery increased take. One man draws out the wire, another straights it, a third cuts it, a fourth points it, a fifth grinds it at the top for receiving the head teacher to make the head requires two or three distinct operations. Also modern engine room has improved the methods by which pins ar produced the prin ciples pertaining to the division of labour remain unchanged. Similarly, other section dealing with the factors of production, money and international trade are as meaningful today as when they were first written. You can see, therefore, hat Thomas Jeffersons result of Independence and transport Smiths The Wealth of Nations have more in common that a birthday. More importantly, both contain some of the best descriptions of the principles upon which our political and economic systems are based. 2. Comprehension 2. 1. need in the gaps with the necessary prepositions. 1. The year of 1776 associates the signing The Declaration Independence. 2. It earned the author the title the father economics, Smith objected the principal economic believes his day. 3.He disagreed the mercantilists who measured the wealth of a nation its money supply, and who called government regulation of the economy order promote a favorable balance trade. 4. It this own advantage, and not that so ciety, which he has mind, but he is in this, as many other cases, led an invisible hand to promote and end which was no part of his intention, the persuade his own advantage necessarily leads him to prefer that employment which is most advantageous to society. 5. that way, the invisible hand would be free guide the economy and maximize production. . Also modern technology has improved the methods which pins are produced the principles pertaining the division labour remain unchanged. 7. Thomas Jeffersons Declaration Independence and Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations have more common that a birthday. 8. Both contain some the best descriptions the principles which our political and economic systems are based. 2. 2. Answer the questions to the text. 1. When and where was The Wealth of Nations by A. Smith published? 2. What is a famous nickname of Adam Smith and why? 3. What economic issues did Adam Smith deny? 4.What does a nations wealth depend upon according to A. Smith ? 5. What was the heart of his economic philosophy? 6. In what way did he explain why society benefits when the economy is free of regulation? 7. What is invisible hand in the text? How do we call it today? 8. What physiocrats policy did Smith agree with? 9. What is described in Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations? 10. How can the division of labour and the use of machinery increase output according to Smith? 11. Is there anything common in Thomas Jeffersons Declaration of Independence and Adam Smiths The Wealth of Nations? 2. 3.Find in the text English equivalents for , 3. Lexico-grammatical exercises 3. 1. Find out the synonymous definition to the given English business colloquialisms. Give the Ukrainian variants. Make up a conversation about your business using 5 of the given English business colloquialisms. ColloquialismDefinition All in everything include in the price Big notesa very important person Book of wordsgenerally

Assessing Importance of School Factors Such as Racism Essay Example for Free

Assessing Importance of School Factors Such as Racism EssayA commixture of material disadvantages that may confront ethnic minorities coming from workings physique backgrounds atomic number 18 they do non achieve the same level of education. The main achievers are Indian, Chinese and Afri mickle students, but the lowest achievers are Turkish, Bangladeshi And Afro Caribbean students. The egg white working class students are the lowest achieving, which is peculiar because most sociologists are white who stereotype and label otherwise students from different backgrounds.The main cause of underachievement in schools are cultural and terminology factors which sociologists clarify and focus on and are thought to be main cause of everything. Previously the berth has been put on what happens in school and racism in common As verbalisen by Cecile Wright, which develops that, Asiatic students can also be the victims of teachers Cecile found bring out that regardless of the s chools evident promise to equal opportunities, teachers excuse hold ethnocentric views they believe that British culture and English are greater.This prepared teachers to assume that they would hurt a poor pronunciation of English and left them out of class debates or used basic, uncomplicated speech when speaking to them. Asian pupils also felt cut off when teachers spoken dissatisfaction of their behaviour or misread their names. Teachers saw them not as a risk but as a worry they could take no notice of. This resulted in that Asian pupils in particular the girls were hard-pressed to the limits and disallowed from play a part fully.Close at hand is proof of teacher racial discrimination and harmful labelling. heretofore study give tongue tos that pupils can take action in variety of ways. They may take action by becoming unsettling or withdrawn but pupils may decline to agree to the label and even study to prove it incorrect by putting in hard work. Off-putting labels do no t repeatedly twist into self-fulfilling prophecy Working class white pupils attain below standards and have lesser desires. in that respect isnt much parental support at home, which means there is low achievement and goals.Reports show that teachers have to deal with low level of behaviour and discipline in white working class schools. Nevertheless they had fewer kids on benefit programs teachers blame this on inadequate parental support at home and negative attitude that white working class parents have towards their children and their education. The life in the highroad for white working class can be tough for pupils which means they get used to acquiring intimidating and intimidate other which they pick up and use in school to cause disruptions and mend it hard for other students to succeed at school.Underachievement of student of different is blamed on cultural deprivation. hardly a(prenominal) sociologists say that Afro-Caribbean families lack a close relationship to their family and therefore are extremely violent towards everything they do. Arguments explain that families arent very supportive towards their children and they dont offer enough cultural capital for their children. sterile views suggest those students are not deprived because of their class or because of their backgrounds.Factors like social class are important to certain ethnic minorities like Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and a considerable amount of Afro-Caribbean students, which are all working class backgrounds in which material deprivation play a main role because to find out why they achieve below the national standards. Sociologists say schools and curriculums made just for one specific group of ethnic minority gives priority to one particular ethnic minority while disregarding other ethnic groups. Some schools have curriculums, which are ethnocentric because they only give priority to English languages.The British curriculum has been described as exclusively British. In history B ritain is thought to bring civilisation to antediluvian patriarch people are colonised. Black people as inferior weakens black childrens self adore and Leads to them to underachieving and failing. It isnt for sure what effects the ethnocentric study shows that black dont really mother from low self esteem. Wrights study found some ethnic minority groups received poorer interaction from staff. Teachers perceptions were seem as stereotypical although Asian students were seen as good and black students were seen disruptive and disobedient.Study show that schools in cities which contain ethnic minority students were not benefitting in terms of O Levels entries because of being in low set and having to achieve high grade in order to get good results and constitute successful. Overall taking into consideration we can not split or label ethnicity from social classes and grammatical gender since this is really difficult matter as some of the main achieving students are from ethnic mino rities so for that basis there isnt a connection here so we cant make statements or come to conclusions as to what the association among ethnic groups and schools actually are.Pupils can refuse to accept negative classing and teacher expectations. Sociologists cant come to a conclusion to explain what occurs between teacher and students or what takes mastermind in different ethnic groups related to education. Students live up to roles they are given but can try to resist the labels and getting put behind by carrying out what is thought of them to do or do what they want to do and achieve good education and become successful.

Green marketing Essay Example for Free

Green merchandising showWith the rise of growing consciousness for environmental protection, lot are now becoming more less-sensitive with damage premiums as pine as they earn the benefits of these eco-products. This environmental concern revolution has begun to likewise uncover the sundry(a) factors that enable consumers to purchase these speci whollyy-packaged products. This stage was able to assess the following (a) price sensitivity issues, (b) package convenience, (c) environmentally-concerned, and typic environmentally-concerned aspects of the individual which are depicted in the results made by the Mintell Poll in Great Britain. From the take away of the poll, a confac date of referenceble number of people are concerned on putting value in the process of packaging of these bio products. See the following for the results The rise of kilobyte marketing Peattie (2005357) It was only during the 1980s when people start to speak about(predicate) grand marketing. Almos t suddenly, consumption of the greenest products and health consciousness came to be the verbalise of the town. Like any new phenomena, it was soon the topic of the marketing research of most firms.With this awareness of the green market, companies have reverted to environmentally-friendly modes of production and operations. However, there too came to a point when this green marketing was only about selling, and that the green aspect was all a disguise. Legislations and other policies rose to halt this growing and gnawing concern. Redefinition of green marketing A number of marketing processes have been enumerated to reshape the approach of this market, as follows a redefinition of the product which encompasses the authority of production and distri thoion.A willingness to change markets as well as changing products as a sustainable economy will require more than new product developments an emphasis on benefits from product practise to show the joys of product ownership marketin g communication that aims to inform alternatively than impress a think beyond current customer needs a willingness to manage demands and expectations an emphasis on follows rather than price taking more responsibility on consumer and societal welfare Most firms have long been focused on selling and just making profits, whereas the customer has always been into the marginal interests.Since the birth of green marketing, consumers have favored this product, and thus the producers or the firm has to follow this lead. This would work in a demesne of entirely marketing oriented firms, but neglects mostly the internal environment. Changes in Medicine / Bio-cosmetics Akoh (2004513) We have intelligibly presented our views and thorough research in the previous sections and will now give light to the other side of bio-cosmetics the various changes in medicine that may help or hamper the lives of the individuals using these products.Innovation in medical treatments in terms of technolog ical-use or through the minimally invasive techniques (MIT) prompted the way for advancements to significantly geld pain, recovery time, and even hospital stays with marked improvements in cosmetic outcome and overall cost effectiveness. Bio-cosmetics for one, has enabled practicing surgeons to aid their treatments with the latest surgical cares that will serve as a catalyst to ones full recovery. Yaron Munz (2004223) MITs were used in a wide range of procedures long before they were applied to surgery, but only then did they become exposed to the general public.Through the close collaborations of innovative surgeons and technologists, MIT was rapidly modernistic in the society. Conrad (20053-14) Since 1980s profound changes happened in the field of medicine that have created a huge match in health conditions. Patients started to become more knowledgeable and involved in the medical information on various treatments even in choosing their health insurance policies and in seeking out medical services. The biotech industry in particular has their ups and downs but it definitely gave birth to a promising future that may indeed revolutionize healthcare.Such products of these dynamic changes are the bio-products, such as bio-cosmetics. Bio-cosmetics Ethics Todd (200486) In enclosure with the field of an innovative scene in biotechnology, environmental ethics and eco-marketers come together to reinstate the office of these bio-products to garner consumer appeal and make them realize the importance of being socially-involved and responsible. So the inquiry arises, in an era where eco-friendly is hip, how do we infuse ethics and product aesthetics?Ethics simply realizes and acknowledges the fact that these bio products, specifically bio-cosmetics targets the see to it of beauty related to health and not marked by politics. However, not everyone seems to be pleased with all these biotechnological advancements as these groups believe that these cosmetics, drugs or other bio-products have the potential of threatening the soul or hauteur of the person given the extent of effect it impacts the one who intakes. Although these are not sufficiently backed-up by scientific evidences, still the concern or the argument is present.Judgments regarding these agents or products still rely heavily on the good principles of both the buyers and the sellers. Holtug (19994) In ethics, it is also important to note that in the process of considering the usage of these bio-products for medicinal purposes, we should also draw the line between enhancing or treating. What is indeed the distinction between the two that justifies the use of these products or agents? Treatment can be referred to as an intervention that aims to cure a disease or an ailment. Enhancements on the other hand, do not attempt to cure a disease or reduce its effects.Therefore, the question on whether one should enhance or treat a person is touching on the good composition of the individu al. With the pool of genes in a person, in the community and in the world, how can one tell which feature or trait should be eliminated or enhanced through medical interventions? How is it being heady? How are people with these inequalities being compensated for their state of difference? At the end of the day, how will it also affect the social attitudes of those undergoing medical treatments or enhancements?

Comparison of the systems Essay Example for Free

Comparison of the establishments EssayIn this subsidisation you come upon and comp ar the circulative, penurious, and respiratory governances of sharks, iguanas, eagles, and charitables. Answer each of the following questions in 25 to 50 words.circulatory SystemSharkHow would you describe the structure and maneuver of this living creature(prenominal)s circulatory ashes? involve every singular characteristics. The sharks tenderness which is a major component in its circulatory system is shaped like an S and is located in the head region. The sharks hear has 2 house and atrium and a ventricle. Blood is pumped by the nerve through the afferent brachial arteries to capillaries in the gills where the kind is group Oated.How does this animals circulatory system contribute? The circulatory system centers around the heart where credit line is pumped through arteries and then through tissues of the ashes to distribute nutrients throughout the eubstance and back to the heart. common iguanaHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals circulatory system? Include any unparalleled characteristics. The Iguana has a unique situation when it comes to the circulatory system because the Iguana has a 3 house heart. Two of the chambers of the Iguanas heart are atria and one is ventricle. The ventricle has the job of keeping oxygenated derivation from world mixed in with de-oxygenated blood.How does this animals circulatory system fly the coop?Since the Iguana has a 3chambered heart it would not be uncommon for the Iguana to have a circulatory system that is double. Because the Iguana has a double circulatory system this causes blood to have to pass through the heart twice. Blood first flows from the heart of the Iguana to the lungs and then back to the heart where it is then distributed throughout the Iguanas body using tissues, after the blood leaves tissues it flows back to the heart. bird of JoveHow would you describe the st ructure and function of this animals circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics.How does this animals circulatory system determine?HumanHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals circulatory system? Include any unique characteristics. The human circulatory system is like a recycling system. The heart is a principal(prenominal) part of the circulatory system. The heart pumps to help blood move throughout vessels in the body. Blood vessels which implicate arteries carry blood from the heart to tissues in the body to keep them alive. Veins carry blood back to the heart from the tissues and capillaries which are tiny veins that connect the arteries and veins. The primary role of blood in the circulatory system is to station substances to and from all part of the bodyHow does this animals circulatory system work? As blood moves throughout the circulatory system it is acting as a transporter picking up and move off substances as it flows. Oxygen is picked up from the lungs and nutrients from the food digested is picked up from the intestines and is delivered to the heart where it is sorted and redistributed to the body getting rid of things the body doesnt need in the process.What is similar in all of these circulatory systems?What is different in all of these circulatory systems?Respiratory SystemSharkHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. Sharks can respire by pumping water over its gills. When the shark open and closes its mouth water enters into the mouth then the gill chambers. body of water then exits through gill slits, while in the gills blood filiments absorbs oxygen from the incoming water.How does this animals respiratory system work? A sharks respiratory system has no blood vessels and receive its oxygen at present from surrounding tissues and fluidsIguanaHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals respirator y system? Include any unique characteristics.How does this animals respiratory system work?EagleHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics.How does this animals respiratory system work?HumanHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals respiratory system? Include any unique characteristics. The respiratorysystem of humans is quite multiform as cinch enters into the human body it comes into contact with the diaphragm and other muscles of the thorax known as the chest that acts as an line of business pump. When the air enters the lungs which constitute as the exchange surface taking from the air what the body needs and getting rid of what it does not. After the air has entered the lungs and needed CO2 and O2 is extracted air then leaves through airways like the nose, mouth trachea and bronchi.How does this animals respiratory system work? The human respiratory system takes the air that enters in to the human body and extract needed oxygen from the air and distributes it throughout the body. The human respiratory system also acts as a protector from unsafe particles that whitethorn be taken in. The human respiratory system will get rid of all crowing or unneeded air.What is similar in all of these respiratory systems?What is different in all of these respiratory systems?Skeletal SystemSharkHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. Sharks belong to a special group of tip called Elasmobranchs which are fish with no organises. A sharks outline is completely made up of cartilage. Some parts of the sharks skeleton like the vertebrae are calcified.How does this animals skeletal system work? The sharks cartilage does not contain any blood vessels so it receives its oxygen directly from surrounding tissue and fluids. If a shark does not constantly move it will sink, which is where it cartilag e skeleton comes in handy giving the shark the ability to float. A complete cartilage skeleton allows the shark to be very quick and agile.IguanaHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics.How does this animals skeletal system work?EagleHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics.How does this animals skeletal system work?HumanHow would you describe the structure and function of this animals skeletal system? Include any unique characteristics. The human skeleton is made up of mostly rigid brittle bone. The human skeleton is mostly cartilage as babies but changes to bone as humans get older. Cartilage is a firm but flexible material and it is demanding but not brittle. The human skeleton needs a combination of rigidity and flexibility and must(prenominal) provide a strong foundation for skeletal muscles. Cartilage is in places where fir mness and flexibility are needed such as connections between individual bones.How does this animals skeletal system work? Human skeletal system works by the use of contracting muscles. When muscles generate force by contracting or shortening to move the human skeleton the system is at work. Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones by means of tendons which are tough bands. Muscles are a pulling not a pushing force to create movement.What is similar in all of these skeletal systems?What is different in all of these skeletal systems?

Huckleberry Finn Analysis Essay Example for Free

Huckleberry Finn Analysis EssayMark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has been regarded as 1 of the greatest novels in American regionalism. So umpteen Americans have read it, and many have enjoyed it and many believe that it is worthy of the highest praise, and deserves to be included in the canon of Great American literature. As a piece of regionalist literature, the novel shines out amongst other novels. Twain vividly describes the Mississippi river and sur just abouting area of bit with detail unrivaled. His characters dialogue accurately depicts the dialogue of the area, and their attitudes, especially towards African Americans, are also historically accurate. However, as Huck and Jim move farther south chain reactor the river, Twain loses touch with his style of writing. The regionalist aspect dead crumbles, and his plot arguing gets outrageously unbelievable. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not deserving of inclusion in the canon of Great American liter ature. As Jane Smiley said in her essay Say It Aint So, Huck, There is more to be learned about the American character from its canonization than through its canonization(Smiley 61).If Twain had kept the story line in his territory of familiarity the outcome may be diametric, but as his setting moves south, his writing moves even out along with it. To intelligibly keep in line how Twains writing deteriorates as the novel progresses one mustiness compare quotes from when the novel is set in Missouri to when the novel is set farther south. Here is a quote from the beginning of the novel, describing the area around Jackson Island, but mostly it was big trees all about, and no-good in there amongst them.There was freckled Boyer 2 freckled places on the ground where the light sifted down through the leaves, and the freckled places swapped about a little, showing there was a little breeze up there(Twain, 51). The way he describes nature in this excerpt shows his true talent. The per sonification of the ground and the light, bountiful it the human- comparable characteristics of freckles gives the passage a personal touch. His diction and prose make the reader feel like they are observation the golden beams of light dance before their eyes.This is why Mark Twain and The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn are recognized across America. However, in Chapter 31, when Jim ends up on the Phelps plantation, and the Phelps end up being Tom Sawyers family, and the Phelps fracture Huck for Tom and Tom for Sid, Twain is really pushing the believability of his novel, and from this excerpt we can see that the beauty of his prose is gone, as though hes upset touch with the regionalist touch that makes his writing great, Phelpss was one of these little one-horse cotton plantations, and they all look alike.A rail fence round a two-acre yard a stile made out of logs sawed off and up-ended in steps, like barrels of different length(Twain, 273) and on and on about the buildings of the plantation. There is nothing here that even remotely sounds like it came from someone who knows the area. Twain even says, and they all look alike in the passage.He really lost his essence and creativity. He wrote out of his sphere of knowledge, and his novel suffers for it. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn by Mark Twain is a wondrous piece of literature. Twain captures the true essence of being a teenage boy on a big adventure on the lazy Mississippi river.However, the end of his novel switches settings from Missouri, to further south, on a plantation coincidentally owned by Tow Sawyers family, and the reader can clearly see that Twain was out of his element, and he lost the wonderful sense of regionalism that made his Boyer 3 his works, and his era, influential in American literature, mainly because he wasnt writing about the region he knew, grew up in, and loved. This is why Mark Twains The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is not deserving of inclusion into the great canon o f American literature.

Methods of intervention Essay Example for Free

Methods of intervention EssayAny form of chasteness, for character leg or wrist restraints, should only be introduced after a multidisciplinary assessment, which includes consultation with operate users their families and advocates. If used, they should be selected carefully to impose the least restriction of movement required to prevent harm while attempts should celebrate to be made to achieve the desired outcomes with less restrictive interventions.Carers who have received specific nurture in their usage should only use such devices. The rational for using any devices and the circumstances in which they may be used must be clearly recorded within an individuals care plan/ Positive Handling Plan. The Scottish Social Services Council have their own codes of practice for social service workers and employees.A quote from their handbook statesSocial Service workers mustRespect the rights of service users, whilst seeking to manipulate that their behaviour does not harm themse lves or othersThis is following a pattern from the previous values and standards mentioned, which say clients git only really go so far, before a system of intervention has to be used.In the mid nineties, a form of intervention was introduced in Scotland, which is now widely practiced in the care industry.C.A.L.M (Crisis and Aggression Limitation Management)Various systems use a prone position in which to restrain. This basin be face up, or face down. In this country, the face down position is usually used. In the case of CALM the prone restraint is only one of a hierarchy of responses. There has been maturation anxiety about the use of prone restraint. It has been associated with deaths due to positional asphyxia, although other positions also have this stake associated with them. In the US, some states have outlaw face down prone restraint others have banned face up prone restraint. It is a method, which can compromise the dignity of both young mortal and faculty. However , there is anxiety in some quarters that the removal of prone restraint may postulate methodsless effective.CALM Training Services are considering removing the prone restraint from their system.Certain methods of natural restraint include techniques, which include the deliberate use of pain to ensure compliance CALM does not.CALM is a training package which covers the management of difficult behaviour, and which contains, as one of its components, strategies for physical intervention, including physical restraint. In addition, when supply have been trained by CALM Training Services, they are then assessed as to how competently they can carry out the physical elements, and thereafter, if they reach an acceptable standard, they receive accreditation, which has to be updated annually.CALM is now the method of choice of a significant number of employers in Scotland and beyond, and is used in child care services, reading disability services, and mental health services.Physical restr aint devicessuch as safety vests and jackets, lap and wheelchair belts, and fabric carcass holdersmay be beneficial to perseverings and their caregivers when used properly in settings ranging from nursing homes and hospitals to private homes.Used properly, restraints have umteen benefits for patients and caregivers in both institutions and homes. Restraints may help protect the elderly from falls, which could result in injury or even death. If absolutely necessary, restraints also can help make medical treatment easier if a patient is temporarily uncooperative or highly agitated. If a patient is dangerous, restraints can protect other patients and staff from possible harm. Some patients feel safer and much secure, and need not worry about falling, if they use physical restraints.The method of restraining can be beneficial for many clients, depending on state of mind/health and stead at present time.A warning though putting a restraint on certain patients may actually worsen th eir condition. For example, a chronically agitated patient may become more agitated with a restraint.

Goals and Objectives Essay Example for Free

terminals and Objectives EssayGoal 1 Analyzing consumer aw atomic number 18ness of health juice.ObjectivesWe will get out a clear idea regarding the customers awareness towards the health juice as well as towards diametric variety of fruits. The customers awareness to create a pauperization towards our product. Goal 2 Understanding the individuals demographic profile of consumer.ObjectivesThe customer acceptance depends upon the knowledge for the variety fruit in the surrounding that they feed gained their maturity level during growth of the age. The age factor is an Copernican factor to know product demand for a particular age group. So, the interest can be made to motivate those age groups for get our product.Goal 3 Identifying of influencing factor of purchase.ObjectivesBased on our survey, some of the general reasons like variety of fruits, price, stand out and packaging appearance will affected customers purchasing power. Thus, the influencing factor of purchasing p ower makes a manufacturer understand the consumers need and services.Goal 4 Analyzing consumer buying behaviour and demand.ObjectivesThe buying behaviour of is an important parameter which consists of customer preference. The demand of this activity can be known from the customers buying pattern and parameters that he considers during buying a health juice like quantity, price, packaging appearance and preservation mode. The demand also depends upon some of the others factors like purchasing power population, promotion activities of product in this activity. Goal 5 Satisfying consumers benefit.ObjectivesCustomer is giving a wide choice of different fruits. We are providing a variety of different fruits for customer to choose. As sugary soft drinks are low in nutritional level, we can persuade the customer to recover ourhealth juice which can satisfy their demand a healthy and long lasting energy drinks. So, customer will be evaluating the level of joy that they received. All of the product will be priced fairly.MissionOur mission is to provide the highest-quality of health juice. We tend to root for customers through selling health juice. When we are adhering to this maxim, everything else will fall into place. Our services will exceed the expectations of the customers.

End to End VoIP Security

residual to End VoIP protective c everyplaceingIntroductionsubstance ab wontr discourses applications argon in mellow demand in the net income mathematical course outr community. Two classes of much(prenominal) applications atomic number 18 of great importance and force inte lodge in by m each a(prenominal) Internet theatrical rolers collaboration corpses and VoIP conference constitutions. In the first category concern systems deal ICQ , MSN Messenger and Yahoo Messenger while in the latter, systems like Skype and VoipBuster be dominating among the creation VoIP clients. In the architecture plane, collaboration systems form a distri howevered entanglement where the come outicipants communicate with each opposite and fill in information. The info are either routed from the source by a interchange server to the recipient or the two clients communicate directly. The biticipants in such interlockings are both(prenominal) content leave al iodiners and con tent requestors . On the new(prenominal) hand, the entropy communion style in the VoIP systems is direct amidst the peers, without either involvement of the service mesh in the selective information deputise path with roughly exceptions like Skypes supernode communications. entropy are carried oer public Internet infrastructures like Ethernets, WiFi hotspots or wireless ad hoc internets. Security in these cyberspaces is a faultfinding issue enshrouded in some(prenominal)(prenominal) divergent perspectives in the ancient.In this assignment I counsel on cryptographic gage slaying in VoIP. Security is implemented dynamic exclusivelyy in co operation by the two (or to a greater extent) peers with no prior arrangements and requirements, like out of tintinnabulation exchanged fundamentals, shared out hiddens etc. looseningment of enjoyment (simplicity), user fri mop upliness (no special knowledge from the user side) and effectiveness (ensuring confidentiality a nd integrity of the applications) combined with borderline requirements on ratiocination user devices are the goals achieved by our approach. We leverage certification of user communications, meeting wholly the above requirements, by enhancing the applications architecture with VoIPSec protective cover elements.Over the past few years, Voice over IP (VoIP) has become an attractive alternative to more traditional forms of telephony. Natur solely toldy, with its in-creasing popularity in daily communications, re-searchers are continu every last(predicate)y exploring slipway to improve both the efficiency and hostage of this forward-looking-sp dismissalg(prenominal) communication technology. Unfortunately, while it is well beneathstood that VoIP packets moldiness be encrypted to check confidentiality, it has been shown that simply encrypting packets may non be sufficient from a privacy standpoint. For instance, we of late showed that when VoIP packets are first compre ssed with variable bit come in (VBR) encoding schemes to save bandwidth, and wherefore encrypted with a length preserving stream cipher to ensure confidentiality, it is possible to subside the perish-in spoken in the encrypted conversation.As surprising as these findings may be, single might be resonatech that learning the language of the speaker (e.g., Arabic) precisely affects privacy in a marginal way. If both endpoints of a VoIP call are known (for example, Mexico urban center and Madrid), then one(a) might correctly conclude that the language of the conversation is Spanish, without practiceing either epitome of the traffic. In this work we show that the information leaked from the combination of victimization VBR and length preserving encryption is indeed distant worse than previously thought.VOIPThis assignment is intimately shelter, more specifically, around protecting one of your close singular as mints, your privacy. We guard nonhing more closely than ou r words. One of the or so signifi throw outt decisions we make every day inflame is what we go out say and what we wont. further even then its non that what we say, but in addition what soulfulness else hears, and who that person is.Voice over IP- the transmission of spokesperson over traditional packet-switched IP netsis one of the hottest trends in telecommunications. Although most computers basin provide VoIP and many offer VoIP applications, the terminus component over IP is typically associated with equipment that lets users dial telephone numbers and communicate with parties on the former(a) end who collect a VoIP system or a traditional analog telephone. (The sidebar, Current character-over-IP products, de-scribes few of the products on the market today.)As with any new technology, VoIP introduces both opportunities and problems. It offers lower cost and greater flexibleness for an enterprise but presents signifi hobot security challenges. Security administrat ors might aim that be ready digitized vowelise travels in packets, they wad simply plug VoIP components into their already se-cured engagements and survive a stable and good function net-work. Unfortunately, many of the tools utilize to safeguard todays computer earningssfirewalls, network address translation (NAT), and encryptiondont work as is in a VoIP network. Although most VoIP components have counterparts in selective information networks, VoIPs cognitive process demands mean you must(prenominal) supplement ordinary network packet and hardware with special VoIP components. integrate a VoIP system into an already congested or saddle network rouse be blackened for a companys technology infra-structure. Anyone at- tempting to construct a VoIP network should therefore first shoot the influence in great detail. To this end, weve outlined some of the challenges of introducing appropriate security measures for VoIP in an enterprise.End-to-End SecurityIN this assignm ent I am going to describe the lengthwise security and its blueprint principle that one should not place mechanisms in the network if they stand be placed in end nodes thus, networks should provide general function rather than services that are knowing to provide specific applications. The design and implementation of the Internet followed this design principle well. The Internet was designed to be an application-agnostic entropygram de-livery service. The Internet of today isnt as uncontaminated an implementation of the finishedout design principle as it erstwhile was, but its sufficiency of one that the corroboratory effects of the network not knowing whats running over it are becoming major problems, at least in the minds of some observers. Before I wreak to those perceived problems, Id like to talk more or less what the end-to-end design principle has meant to the Internet, technical evolution, and society. The Internet doesnt tutelage what you doits job is retri butory to lurch the bits, stupid (in the words of David Isenberg in his 1997 paper, Rise of the Stupid interlocking2). The bits could be part of an email message, a information file, a photograph, or a video, or they could be part of a demur-of-service attack, a spiteful worm, a break-in attempt, or an illegally shared song. The electronic network doesnt care, and that is both its power and its threat.The Internet (and by this, I mean the Arpanet, the NSF last-place, and the networks of their successor commercial ISPs) wasnt designed to run the World wide-cut sack up. The Internet wasnt designed to run Google Earth. It was designed to support them even though they did not exist at the eon the foundations of the Net were designed. It was designed to support them by being designed to please selective information without caring what it was that data represented.At the very first, the design of TCP/IP wasnt so flexible. The sign design had TCP and IP inwardly a single comm unications protocol, one that would only pay data reliably to a name and address. But it was realize that not all applications were best served by a protocol that could only deliver reliable data streams. In particular, timely delivery of information is more important than reliable delivery whentrying to support interactive vowelize over a network if adding wagerableness would, as it does, increase delay. TCP was wear from IP so that the application running in an end node could determine for itself the level of dependableness it needed. This split created the flexibility that is currently being employ to deliver Skypes interactive voice service over the said(prenominal) network that CNN uses to deliver up-to-the-minute news headlines and the US Patent and Trademark office uses to deliver copies of US patents. and so the Internet design, based as it was on the end-to-end principle, became a generative facility. strange the traditional phone system, in which most new applic ations must be installed in the phone switches fatheaded in the phone net-work, anyone could create new applications and run them over the Internet without getting permission from the organizations that run the parts of the Net. This ability was exploited with irrational exuberance4 during the late 1990s Internet boom. But, in spite of the hundreds of billions of dollars lost by investors when the boom busted, the number of Internet users and Web sites, the core of Internet traffic, and the nourish of Internet commerce have continued to rise, and the rate of new ideas for Internet-based services hasnt no- ticeably diminished.Security and privacy in an end-to-end worldThe end to end arguments paper utilise se-cure transmission of data as one reason that an end-to-end design was required. The paper points out that network-level or per-link encryption doesnt in truth provide authority that a file that totals at a destination is the same as the file that was sent or that the data went unobserved a bulky the path from the source to the destination. The only way to ensure end-to-end data integrity and confidentiality is to use end-to-end encryption.Thus, security and privacy are the responsibilities of the end nodes. If you requirement to ensure that a file forget be transferred without any corruption, your data-transfer application had go against accommodate an integrity check, and if you didnt want to set aside anyone along the way to see the data itself, your application had repair encrypt it in the beginning transmitting it. there are more aspects to security on a network than just data encryption. For example, to ensure that communication over the net-work is reliable, the network itself needs to be secure against attempts purpose-made or accidentalto fragment its operation or redirect traffic away from its intended path. But the original Internet design didnt entangle protections against such attacks. Even if the network is working perfectly, you need to actually be talking to the server or person you think you are. But the Internet doesnt pro-vide a way, at the network level, to assure the identities of its users or nodes. You as well as need to be sure that the message your computer re receives isnt designed to exploit worn outnesses in its software (such as worms or viruses) or in the waysthat you use the Net. Protection against such things is the end systems responsibility. point out that there is little that muckle be done in the Net or in your end system to protect your privacy from threats such as the politics demanding the records of your use of Net-based services such as Google, which collect information about your network usage. umpteen of todays observers assume that the lack of built-in protections against attacks and the lack of a se-cure way to identify users or nodes was a result of an environment of trust that prevailed when the original Internet design and protocols were developed. If you trusted the p eople on the Net, there was no need for special defensive functions. But a few people who were at the scene have told me that such protections were actively discouraged by the autochthonic sponsor of the early Internetthat is to say, the US military wasnt all that interested in having good nonmilitary security, maybe because it might make its job harder in the future. some(prenominal) the reason, the Internet wasnt designed to provide a secure environment that included protection against the malicious actions of those who would disrupt it or attack nodes or services provided over it.End-to-end security is not dead yet, but it is seriously threatened, at least at the network class. NATs and firewalls interfere with some types of end-to-end encryption technology. ISPs could before long be required by regulations to, by default, filter the Web sites and perhaps the protocols that their customers can feeler. Other ISPs want to be able to limit the protocols that their customers ca n access so that the ISP can give service providers an incentive to pay for the customers use of their linesthey dont see a way to pay for the net-work without this ability. The FBI has asked that it be able to review all new Internet services for tapability before theyre deployed, and the FCC has hinted that it leave support the requestIf this were to happen, applications such as Skype that use end-to-end encryption could be illegalise as inconsistent with law enforcement needs.Today, its still easy to use end-to-end encryption as long as its HTTPS, but that might be short-lived. It could soon pull in the point that the use of end-to-end encryption, without which end-to-end security cant exist, will be seen as an unsociable act (as a US justness department official once told me). If that comes to be the case, end-toend security will be truly dead, and we will all have to trust functions in the network that we have no way of knowing are on our side.What is VoIP end to end secu rity?Achieving end-to-end security in a voice-over-IP (VoIP) academic term is a repugn task. VoIP session establishment involves a jumble of diverse protocols, all of which must inter-operate correctly and securely. Our objective in this paper is to present a structured analysis of protocol inter-operation in the VoIP hand, and to demonstrate how even a subtle mismatch between the assumptions made by a protocol at one form about the protocol at another layer can lead to catastrophic security breaches, including force outremoval of transport-layer encryption.The VoIP protocol stack is shown in figure 1. For the purposes of our analysis, we will divide it into four layers signaling, session description, primal exchange and secure media (data) transport. This division is quite natural, since each layer is typically implemented by a blusher out protocol. Signaling is an application-layer (from the viewpoint of the underlying communication network) date mechanism used for cr eating, modifying and terminating VoIP sessions with one or more participants. Signaling protocols include academic term Initiation protocol (SIP) 27, H.323 and MGCP. school term description protocols such as SDP 20 are used for initiating multimedia and other sessions, and oftentimes include find exchange as a sub-protocol. appoint exchange protocols are intended to provide a cryptographically secure way of establishing secret session cays between two or more participants in an untrusted environment. This is the fundamental building block in se-cure session establishment. Security of the media transport layerthe layer in which the actual voice datagrams are communicatedepends on the secrecy of session keys and authentication of session participants. Since the completed key is typically used in a symmetric encryption scheme, key secrecy requires that zippo other than the decriminalize session participants be able to distinguish it from a random bit-string. Authentication r equires that, by and by the key exchange protocol successfully completes, the participants respective views of sent and received messages must match (e.g., see the notion of matching conversations in 8). Key ex-change protocols for VoIP sessions include SDPs Security DEscriptions for Media Streams (SDES) , Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY) and ZRTP 31. We will psychoanalyse all three in this paper. mend media transport aims to provide confidentiality, message authentication and integrity, and rematch protection to the media (data) stream. In the case of VoIP, this stream typically carries voice datagrams. Confidentiality means that the data under encryption is selfsame(a) from random for anyone who does not have the key. core authentication implies that if Alice receives a datagram apparently sent by Bob, then it was indeed sent by Bob. Data integrity implies that any modification of the data in get acrossWe show how to cause the transport-layer SRTP protocol to geminate the keystream used for datagram encryption. This enables the assaulter to obtain the xor of plaintext datagrams or even to in all decrypt them. The SRTP keystream is generated by apply AES in a stream cipher-like mode. The AES key is generated by applying a pseudo-random function (PRF) to the session key. SRTP, however, does not add any session-specific randomness to the PRF seed. Instead, SRTP assumes that the key exchange protocol, put to death as part of RTP session establishment, will en-sure that session keys never repeat. Unfortunately, S/MIME-protected SDES, which is one of the key ex-change protocols that may be executed prior to SRTP, does not provide any replay protection. As we show, a network-based attacker can replay an old SDES key establishment message, which will cause SRTP to re-peat the keystream that it used before, with devastating consequences. This attack is confirmed by our analysis of the libsrtp implementation. We show an attack on the ZRTP key exchange pro tocol that renders the attacker to convince ZRTP session participants that they have lost their shared secret. ZID apprises, which are used by ZRTP participants to retrieve previously set up shared secrets, are not authenticated as part of ZRTP. Therefore, an attacker can initiate a session with some party A under the guise of another party B, with whom A previously established a shared secret. As part of session establishment, A is supposed to verify that B knows their shared secret. If the attacker deliberately chooses values that cause verification to fail, A will decidefollowing ZRTP specthat B has forgotten the shared secret.The ZRTP condition explicitly says that the protocol may proceed even if the set of shared secrets is empty, in which case the attacker ends up sharing a key with A who thinks she shares this key with B. Even if the participants stop the protocol after losing their shared secrets, but are exploitation VoIP devices without displays, they cannot confirm the computed key by voice and must stop communicating. In this case, the attack becomes a unsophisticated and effective denial of service. Our analysis of ZRTP is back up by the AVISPA glob analysis tool . We show several minor weaknesses and dominance vulnerabilities to denial of service in other protocols. We also observe that the key derived as the result of MIKEY key exchange cannot be used in a standard cryptographic proof of key exchange security (e.g., ). Key secrecy requires that the key be in-distinguishable from a random bitstring. In MIKEY, however, the joint Diffie-Hellman value derived as the result of the protocol is used directly as the key. Membership in many Diffie-Hellman groups is easy checkable, thus this value can be distinguished from a random bitstring. Moreover, even hashing the Diffie-Hellman value does not rent the formal proof of security to go through in this case, since the hash function does not take any random inputs unconnected from the Diffie- Hellman value and cannot be viewed as a randomness cartridge extractor in the proof. (This observation does not directly lead to any attacks.)While we demonstrate several real, exploitable vulnerabilities in VoIP security protocols, our main contribution is to shine up the importance of analyzing protocols in con-text rather than in isolation. Specifications of VoIP protocols tend to be a mixture of informal prose and pseudocode, with some assumptionsespecially those about the protocols operating at the other layers of the VoIP stackare left implicit and vague. Therefore, our study has importantlessons for the design and analysis of security protocols in general.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we describe the protocols, focusing on SIP (signaling), SDES, ZRTP and MIKEY (key exchange), and SRTP (transport). In section 3, we describe the attacks and vulnerabilities that we discovered. Related work is in section 4, conclusions are in section 5.VoIP securi ty different from normal data network securityTo understand why security for VoIP differs from data network security, we need to look at the unusual constraints of transmitting voice over a packet network, as well as the characteristics shared by VoIP and data networks.Packet networks depend on many configurable logical arguments IP and MAC (physical) addresses of voice terminals and addresses of routers and firewalls. VoIP networks add specialize software, such as call managers, to place and route calls. Many network parameters are established dynamically each time a network component is restarted or when a VoIP telephone is restarted or added to the net-work. Because so many nodes in a VoIP network have dynamically configurable parameters, intruders have as wide an depart of potentially vulnerable points to attack as they have with data networks. But VoIP systems have much stricter executeance constraints than data networks, with significant implications for security.Threats for VoIPVoIP security threats contain Eavesdropping, self-control of Service, Session Hijacking, VoIP spam, etc. For preventing these threats, there are several VoIP standard protocols. And we discuss this in Section 3.EavesdroppingVoIP service using internet technology is faced with an eavesdropping threat, in which is congregation call setting information and audio/voice communication contents illegally. Eavesdropping can be categorized largely by eavesdropping in a LAN(Local sphere of influence Network) environment, one in a WAN( Wide Area Network) environment, one through a PC(Personal Computer) hacking, etc.Denial of ServiceDenial of Service is an attack, which makes it herculean for legitimate users to take telecommunication service regularly. Also it is one of threats, which are not easy to work up the most. Since VoIP service is based on internet technology, it also is heart-to-heart to Denial of Service. Denial of Service in VoIP service can be largely divided into s ystem resource exhaustion, circuitThis work was supported by the IT RD program of MIC/IITA resourceexhaustion,VoIP communication interruption/blocking, etc.Session HijackingSession Hijacking is an attack, which is gathering the communication session control between users through spoofing legitimate users, and is interfering in their communication, as a kind of man-in-the-middle attack. Session Hijacking in VoIP communication can be categorized largely by INVITE session hijacking, SIP Registration hijacking, etc.VoIP SpamVoIP Spam is an attack, which is interrupting, and violating user privacy through sending voice advertisement messages, and also makes VMS(Voice Mailing System) powerless. It can be categorized by jaw Spam, IM(Instant Messaging) Spam, Presence Spam, etc.Security trade-offsTrade-offs between convenience and security are routine in software, and VoIP is no exception. Most, if not all, VoIP components use integrated Web servers for configuration. Web interfaces can be attractive, easy to use, and inexpensive to recruit because of the wide availability of good development tools. Unfortunately, most Web development tools focus on features and ease of use, with less attention paid to the security of the applications they help produce. whatever VoIP device Web applications have weak or no access control, script vulnerabilities, and inadequate parameter validation, resulting in privacy and DoS vulnerabilities. any(prenominal) VoIP phone Web servers use only HTTP basic authentication, nitty-gritty servers send authentication information without encryption, let anyone with network access obtain valid user IDs and passwords. As VoIP gains popularity, well inevitably see more administrative Web applications with exploitable errors.The encryption process can be unfavorable to QoSUnfortunately, several factors, including packet surface expansion, ciphering latency, and a lack of QoS urgency in the cryptographic engine can cause an excessive amount of latency in VoIP packet delivery, leading to degraded voice quality.The encryption process can be detrimental to QoS, making cryptodevices severe bottlenecks in a VoIP net-work. encoding latency is introduced at two points. First, encryption and decryption take a nontrivial amount of time. VoIPs multitude of microscopical packets exacerbates the encryption slowdown because most of the time consumed comes as overhead for each packet. One way to vacate this slowdown is to apply algorithms to the computationally simple encryption voice data before packetization. Although this improves throughput, the proprietary encryption algorithms used (fast Fourier-based encryption, chaos-bit encryption, and so on) arent considered as secure as the Advanced Encryption Standard,16 which is included in many IPsec implementations. AESs combination of speed and security should extend the demanding needs of VoIP at both ends. following general guidelines, recognizing that functional considerations m ight require adjusting them Put voice and data on logically separate networks. You should use different subnets with separate RFC 1918 address blocks for voice and data traffic and separate DHCP servers to ease the incorporation of intrusion-detection and VoIP firewall protection. At the voice portal, which interfaces with the PSTN, dis will H.323, SIP, or Media Gateway reckon Protocol (MGCP) connections from the data network. As with any other small network watchfulness component, use well-knit authentication and access control on the voice gate system. Choose a mechanism to allow VoIP traffic through firewalls. Various protocol dependent and free lance solutions exist, including ALGs for VoIP protocols and session border controllers. Stateful packet filters can track a connections state, denying packets that arent part of a properly originated call. subprogram IPsec or Secure Socket Shell (SSH) for all remote worry and auditing access. If practicable, avoid using remote oversight at all and do IP PBX access from a physically secure system. employ IPsec tunneling when unattached instead of IPsec transport because tunneling masks the source and destination IP addresses, securing communications against rudimentary traffic analysis (that is, determine whos making the calls).If performance is a problem, use encryption at the router or other gateway to allow IPsec tunneling. Be-cause some VoIP end points arent computationally unchewable enough to perform encryption, placing thisRecent studies indicate that the greatest endorser to the encryption bottleneck occurs at the cryptoengine scheduler, which often delays VoIP packets as it processes larger data packets.17 This problem stems from the fact that cryptoschedulers are usually first-in first-out (FIFO) queues, inadequate for supporting QoS requirements. If VoIP packets total at the encryption point when the queue already contains data packets, theres no way they can simulate the less time-urgent t raffic. Some hardware manufacturers have proposed (and at least one has implemented) solutions for this, including QoS reordering of traffic just before it reaches the cryptoengine.18 But this solution assumes that the cryptoengines output is fast enough to avoid saturating the queue. Ideally, youd want the cryptoengine to dynamically differentiate incoming traffic and force data traffic to carry for it to finish processing the VoIP packets, even if these packets arrive later. However, this solution adds considerable overhead to a process most implementers like to keep as light as possible. Another option is to use hardware-implemented AES encryption, which can improve throughput significantly. Past the cryptoengine stage, the system can performfurther QoS scheduling on the encrypted packets, provided they were encrypted using ToS preservation, which copies the original ToS bits into the new IPsec header. Virtual private network (VPN) tunneling of VoIP has also become popular rece ntly, but the congestion and bottlenecks associated with encryption purpose that it might not ceaselessly be scalable. Although researchers are making great strides in this area, the hardware and soft-ware necessary to ensure call quality for encrypted voice traffic might not be economically or architecturally vi-able for all enterprises considering the move to VoIP.Thus far, weve painted a fairly bleak picture of VoIP security. We have no easy one surface fits all solution to the issues weve discussed in this article. Decisions to use VPNs instead of ALG-like solutions or SIP instead of H.323 must depend on the specific nature of both the current network and the VoIP network to be. The technical problems are solvable, however, and establishing a secure VoIP implementation is well worth the difficulty.To implement VoIP securely today, start with the following general guidelines, recognizing that practical considerations might require adjusting them Put voice and data on logicall y separate networks. You should use different subnets with separate RFC 1918 address blocks for voice and data traffic and separate DHCP servers to ease the incorporation of intrusion-detection and VoIP firewall protection. At the voice gateway, which interfaces with the PSTN, disallow H.323, SIP, or Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) connections from the data network. As with any other life-sustaining network management component, use strong authentication and access control on the voice gateway system. Choose a mechanism to allow VoIP traffic through firewalls. Various protocol dependent and self-employed person solutions exist, including ALGs for VoIP protocols and session border controllers. Stateful packet filters can track a connections state, denying packets that arent part of a properly originated call.Use IPsec or Secure Socket Shell (SSH) for all remote management and auditing access. If practical, avoid using remote management at all and do IP PBX access from a physi cally secure system.Use IPsec tunneling when operable instead of IPsec transport because tunneling masks the source and destination IP addresses, securing communications against rudimentary traffic analysis (that is, find out whos making the calls).If performance is a problem, use encryption at the router or other gateway to allow IPsec tunneling. Be-cause some VoIP end points arent computationally powerful enough to perform burden at a central point ensures the encryption of all VoIP traffic emanating from the enterprise network. Newer IP phones provide AES encryption at reason-able cost. meet for IP phones that can load digitally (cryptographically) signed images to reassure the integrity of the software loaded onto the IP phone.Avoid softphone systems (see the sidebar) when security or privacy is a concern. In addition to violating the separation of voice and data, PC-based VoIP applications are vulnerable to the worms and viruses that are all too common on PCs.Consider method s to harden VoIP platforms based on common operating systems such as Windows or Linux. Try, for example, disabling unnecessary services or using host-based intrusion detection methods.Be especially diligent about maintaining patches and current versions of VoIP software.Evaluate costs for surplus power backup systems that might be required to ensure continued operation during power outages. withstand special consideration to E-91 1 emergency services communications, because E-911 self-winding location service is not always available with VoIP.VoIP can be done securely, but the path isnt smooth. It will likely be several years before standards issues are settledEnd to End VoIP SecurityEnd to End VoIP SecurityIntroductionUser communications applications are in high demand in the Internet user community. Two classes of such applications are of great importance and attract interest by many Internet users collaboration systems and VoIP communication systems. In the first category resi de systems like ICQ , MSN Messenger and Yahoo Messenger while in the latter, systems like Skype and VoipBuster are dominating among the public VoIP clients. In the architecture plane, collaboration systems form a distributed network where the participants communicate with each other and exchange information. The data are either routed from the source through a central server to the recipient or the two clients communicate directly. The participants in such networks are both content providers and content requestors . On the other hand, the data communication path in the VoIP systems is direct between the peers, without any involvement of the service network in the data exchange path with some exceptions like Skypes supernode communications. Data are carried over public Internet infrastructures like Ethernets, WiFi hotspots or wireless ad hoc networks. Security in these networks is a critical issue addressed in several different perspectives in the past.In this assignment I focus on c ryptographic security implementation in VoIP. Security is implemented dynamically in cooperation by the two (or more) peers with no prior arrangements and requirements, like out of band exchanged keys, shared secrets etc. Ease of use (simplicity), user friendliness (no special knowledge from the user side) and effectiveness (ensuring confidentiality and integrity of the applications) combined with minimal requirements on end user devices are the goals achieved by our approach. We leverage security of user communications, meeting all the above requirements, by enhancing the applications architecture with VoIPSec security elements.Over the past few years, Voice over IP (VoIP) has become an attractive alternative to more traditional forms of telephony. Naturally, with its in-creasing popularity in daily communications, re-searchers are continually exploring ways to improve both the efficiency and security of this new communication technology. Unfortunately, while it is well understood that VoIP packets must be encrypted to ensure confidentiality, it has been shown that simply encrypting packets may not be sufficient from a privacy standpoint. For instance, we recently showed that when VoIP packets are first compressed with variable bit rate (VBR) encoding schemes to save bandwidth, and then encrypted with a length preserving stream cipher to ensure confidentiality, it is possible to determine the language spoken in the encrypted conversation.As surprising as these findings may be, one might argue that learning the language of the speaker (e.g., Arabic) only affects privacy in a marginal way. If both endpoints of a VoIP call are known (for example, Mexico City and Madrid), then one might correctly conclude that the language of the conversation is Spanish, without performing any analysis of the traffic. In this work we show that the information leaked from the combination of using VBR and length preserving encryption is indeed far worse than previously thought.VOIP This assignment is about security, more specifically, about protecting one of your most precious assets, your privacy. We guard nothing more closely than our words. One of the most important decisions we make every day is what we will say and what we wont. But even then its not only what we say, but also what someone else hears, and who that person is.Voice over IP- the transmission of voice over traditional packet-switched IP networksis one of the hottest trends in telecommunications. Although most computers can provide VoIP and many offer VoIP applications, the term voice over IP is typically associated with equipment that lets users dial telephone numbers and communicate with parties on the other end who have a VoIP system or a traditional analog telephone. (The sidebar, Current voice-over-IP products, de-scribes some of the products on the market today.)As with any new technology, VoIP introduces both opportunities and problems. It offers lower cost and greater flexibility for a n enterprise but presents significant security challenges. Security administrators might assume that because digitized voice travels in packets, they can simply plug VoIP components into their already se-cured networks and get a stable and secure voice net-work. Unfortunately, many of the tools used to safeguard todays computer networksfirewalls, network address translation (NAT), and encryptiondont work as is in a VoIP network. Although most VoIP components have counterparts in data networks, VoIPs performance demands mean you must supplement ordinary network software and hardware with special VoIP components.Integrating a VoIP system into an already congested or overburdened network can be disastrous for a companys technology infra-structure. Anyone at- tempting to construct a VoIP network should therefore first study the procedure in great detail. To this end, weve outlined some of the challenges of introducing appropriate security measures for VoIP in an enterprise.End-to-End Se curityIN this assignment I am going to describe the end-to-end security and its design principle that one should not place mechanisms in the network if they can be placed in end nodes thus, networks should provide general services rather than services that are designed to support specific applications. The design and implementation of the Internet followed this design principle well. The Internet was designed to be an application-agnostic datagram de-livery service. The Internet of today isnt as pure an implementation of the end-to-end design principle as it once was, but its enough of one that the collateral effects of the network not knowing whats running over it are becoming major problems, at least in the minds of some observers. Before I get to those perceived problems, Id like to talk about what the end-to-end design principle has meant to the Internet, technical evolution, and society. The Internet doesnt care what you doits job is just to deliver the bits, stupid (in the wor ds of David Isenberg in his 1997 paper, Rise of the Stupid Network2). The bits could be part of an email message, a data file, a photograph, or a video, or they could be part of a denial-of-service attack, a malicious worm, a break-in attempt, or an illegally shared song. The Net doesnt care, and that is both its power and its threat.The Internet (and by this, I mean the Arpanet, the NSFNet, and the networks of their successor commercial ISPs) wasnt designed to run the World Wide Web. The Internet wasnt designed to run Google Earth. It was designed to support them even though they did not exist at the time the foundations of the Net were designed. It was designed to support them by being designed to transport data without caring what it was that data represented.At the very first, the design of TCP/IP wasnt so flexible. The initial design had TCP and IP within a single protocol, one that would only deliver data reliably to a destination. But it was realized that not all applications were best served by a protocol that could only deliver reliable data streams. In particular, timely delivery of information is more important than reliable delivery whentrying to support interactive voice over a network if adding reliability would, as it does, increase delay. TCP was split from IP so that the application running in an end node could determine for itself the level of reliability it needed. This split created the flexibility that is currently being used to deliver Skypes interactive voice service over the same network that CNN uses to deliver up-to-the-minute news headlines and the US Patent and Trademark office uses to deliver copies of US patents.Thus the Internet design, based as it was on the end-to-end principle, became a generative facility. Unlike the traditional phone system, in which most new applications must be installed in the phone switches deep in the phone net-work, anyone could create new applications and run them over the Internet without getting per mission from the organizations that run the parts of the Net. This ability was exploited with irrational exuberance4 during the late 1990s Internet boom. But, in spite of the hundreds of billions of dollars lost by investors when the boom busted, the number of Internet users and Web sites, the amount of Internet traffic, and the value of Internet commerce have continued to rise, and the rate of new ideas for Internet-based services hasnt no- ticeably diminished.Security and privacy in an end-to-end worldThe end to end arguments paper used se-cure transmission of data as one reason that an end-to-end design was required. The paper points out that network-level or per-link encryption doesnt actually provide assurance that a file that arrives at a destination is the same as the file that was sent or that the data went unobserved along the path from the source to the destination. The only way to ensure end-to-end data integrity and confidentiality is to use end-to-end encryption.Thus, s ecurity and privacy are the responsibilities of the end nodes. If you want to ensure that a file will be transferred without any corruption, your data-transfer application had better include an integrity check, and if you didnt want to allow anyone along the way to see the data itself, your application had better encrypt it before transmitting it.There are more aspects to security on a network than just data encryption. For example, to ensure that communication over the net-work is reliable, the network itself needs to be secure against attemptspurposeful or accidentalto disrupt its operation or redirect traffic away from its intended path. But the original Internet design didnt include protections against such attacks. Even if the network is working perfectly, you need to actually be talking to the server or person you think you are. But the Internet doesnt pro-vide a way, at the network level, to assure the identities of its users or nodes. You also need to be sure that the messag e your computer re receives isnt designed to exploit weaknesses in its software (such as worms or viruses) or in the waysthat you use the Net. Protection against such things is the end systems responsibility.Note that there is little that can be done in the Net or in your end system to protect your privacy from threats such as the government demanding the records of your use of Net-based services such as Google, which collect information about your network usage.Many of todays observers assume that the lack of built-in protections against attacks and the lack of a se-cure way to identify users or nodes was a result of an environment of trust that prevailed when the original Internet design and protocols were developed. If you trusted the people on the Net, there was no need for special defensive functions. But a few people who were at the scene have told me that such protections were actively discouraged by the primary sponsor of the early Internetthat is to say, the US military was nt all that interested in having good nonmilitary security, maybe because it might make its job harder in the future. Whatever the reason, the Internet wasnt designed to provide a secure environment that included protection against the malicious actions of those who would disrupt it or attack nodes or services provided over it.End-to-end security is not dead yet, but it is seriously threatened, at least at the network layer. NATs and firewalls interfere with some types of end-to-end encryption technology. ISPs could soon be required by regulations to, by default, filter the Web sites and perhaps the protocols that their customers can access. Other ISPs want to be able to limit the protocols that their customers can access so that the ISP can give service providers an incentive to pay for the customers use of their linesthey dont see a way to pay for the net-work without this ability. The FBI has asked that it be able to review all new Internet services for tapability before theyre d eployed, and the FCC has hinted that it will support the requestIf this were to happen, applications such as Skype that use end-to-end encryption could be outlawed as inconsistent with law enforcement needs.Today, its still easy to use end-to-end encryption as long as its HTTPS, but that might be short-lived. It could soon reach the point that the use of end-to-end encryption, without which end-to-end security cant exist, will be seen as an antisocial act (as a US justice department official once told me). If that comes to be the case, end-toend security will be truly dead, and we will all have to trust functions in the network that we have no way of knowing are on our side.What is VoIP end to end security?Achieving end-to-end security in a voice-over-IP (VoIP) session is a challenging task. VoIP session establishment involves a jumble of different protocols, all of which must inter-operate correctly and securely. Our objective in this paper is to present a structured analysis of pr otocol inter-operation in the VoIP stack, and to demonstrate how even a subtle mismatch between the assumptions made by a protocol at one layer about the protocol at another layer can lead to catastrophic security breaches, including completeremoval of transport-layer encryption.The VoIP protocol stack is shown in figure 1. For the purposes of our analysis, we will divide it into four layers signaling, session description, key exchange and secure media (data) transport. This division is quite natural, since each layer is typically implemented by a separate protocol. Signaling is an application-layer (from the viewpoint of the underlying communication network) control mechanism used for creating, modifying and terminating VoIP sessions with one or more participants. Signaling protocols include Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) 27, H.323 and MGCP. Session description protocols such as SDP 20 are used for initiating multimedia and other sessions, and often include key exchange as a sub -protocol.Key exchange protocols are intended to provide a cryptographically secure way of establishing secret session keys between two or more participants in an untrusted environment. This is the fundamental building block in se-cure session establishment. Security of the media transport layerthe layer in which the actual voice datagrams are transmitteddepends on the secrecy of session keys and authentication of session participants. Since the established key is typically used in a symmetric encryption scheme, key secrecy requires that nobody other than the legitimate session participants be able to distinguish it from a random bit-string. Authentication requires that, after the key exchange protocol successfully completes, the participants respective views of sent and received messages must match (e.g., see the notion of matching conversations in 8). Key ex-change protocols for VoIP sessions include SDPs Security DEscriptions for Media Streams (SDES) , Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY) and ZRTP 31. We will analyze all three in this paper.Secure media transport aims to provide confidentiality, message authentication and integrity, and replay protection to the media (data) stream. In the case of VoIP, this stream typically carries voice datagrams. Confidentiality means that the data under encryption is indistinguishable from random for anyone who does not have the key. Message authentication implies that if Alice receives a datagram apparently sent by Bob, then it was indeed sent by Bob. Data integrity implies that any modification of the data in transitWe show how to cause the transport-layer SRTP protocol to repeat the keystream used for datagram encryption. This enables the attacker to obtain the xor of plaintext datagrams or even to completely decrypt them. The SRTP keystream is generated by using AES in a stream cipher-like mode. The AES key is generated by applying a pseudo-random function (PRF) to the session key. SRTP, however, does not add any sessi on-specific randomness to the PRF seed. Instead, SRTP assumes that the key exchange protocol, executed as part of RTP session establishment, will en-sure that session keys never repeat. Unfortunately, S/MIME-protected SDES, which is one of the key ex-change protocols that may be executed prior to SRTP, does not provide any replay protection. As we show, a network-based attacker can replay an old SDES key establishment message, which will cause SRTP to re-peat the keystream that it used before, with devastating consequences. This attack is confirmed by our analysis of the libsrtp implementation. We show an attack on the ZRTP key exchange protocol that allows the attacker to convince ZRTP session participants that they have lost their shared secret. ZID values, which are used by ZRTP participants to retrieve previously established shared secrets, are not authenticated as part of ZRTP. Therefore, an attacker can initiate a session with some party A under the guise of another party B, w ith whom A previously established a shared secret. As part of session establishment, A is supposed to verify that B knows their shared secret. If the attacker deliberately chooses values that cause verification to fail, A will decidefollowing ZRTP specificationthat B has forgotten the shared secret.The ZRTP specification explicitly says that the protocol may proceed even if the set of shared secrets is empty, in which case the attacker ends up sharing a key with A who thinks she shares this key with B. Even if the participants stop the protocol after losing their shared secrets, but are using VoIP devices without displays, they cannot confirm the computed key by voice and must stop communicating. In this case, the attack becomes a simple and effective denial of service. Our analysis of ZRTP is supported by the AVISPA formal analysis tool . We show several minor weaknesses and potential vulnerabilities to denial of service in other protocols. We also observe that the key derived as t he result of MIKEY key exchange cannot be used in a standard cryptographic proof of key exchange security (e.g., ). Key secrecy requires that the key be in-distinguishable from a random bitstring. In MIKEY, however, the joint Diffie-Hellman value derived as the result of the protocol is used directly as the key. Membership in many Diffie-Hellman groups is easily checkable, thus this value can be distinguished from a random bitstring. Moreover, even hashing the Diffie-Hellman value does not allow the formal proof of security to go through in this case, since the hash function does not take any random inputs apart from the Diffie-Hellman value and cannot be viewed as a randomness extractor in the proof. (This observation does not immediately lead to any attacks.)While we demonstrate several real, exploitable vulnerabilities in VoIP security protocols, our main contribution is to highlight the importance of analyzing protocols in con-text rather than in isolation. Specifications of VoI P protocols tend to be a mixture of informal prose and pseudocode, with some assumptionsespecially those about the protocols operating at the other layers of the VoIP stackare left implicit and vague. Therefore, our study has importantlessons for the design and analysis of security protocols in general.The rest of the paper is organized as follows. In section 2, we describe the protocols, focusing on SIP (signaling), SDES, ZRTP and MIKEY (key exchange), and SRTP (transport). In section 3, we describe the attacks and vulnerabilities that we discovered. Related work is in section 4, conclusions are in section 5.VoIP security different from normal data network securityTo understand why security for VoIP differs from data network security, we need to look at the unique constraints of transmitting voice over a packet network, as well as the characteristics shared by VoIP and data networks.Packet networks depend on many configurable parameters IP and MAC (physical) addresses of voice term inals and addresses of routers and firewalls. VoIP networks add specialized software, such as call managers, to place and route calls. Many network parameters are established dynamically each time a network component is restarted or when a VoIP telephone is restarted or added to the net-work. Because so many nodes in a VoIP network have dynamically configurable parameters, intruders have as wide an array of potentially vulnerable points to attack as they have with data networks. But VoIP systems have much stricter performance constraints than data networks, with significant implications for security.Threats for VoIPVoIP security threats contain Eavesdropping, Denial of Service, Session Hijacking, VoIP Spam, etc. For preventing these threats, there are several VoIP standard protocols. And we discuss this in Section 3.EavesdroppingVoIP service using internet technology is faced with an eavesdropping threat, in which is gathering call setting information and audio/voice communication c ontents illegally. Eavesdropping can be categorized largely by eavesdropping in a LAN(Local Area Network) environment, one in a WAN( Wide Area Network) environment, one through a PC(Personal Computer) hacking, etc.Denial of ServiceDenial of Service is an attack, which makes it difficult for legitimate users to take telecommunication service regularly. Also it is one of threats, which are not easy to solve the most. Since VoIP service is based on internet technology, it also is exposed to Denial of Service. Denial of Service in VoIP service can be largely divided into system resource exhaustion, circuitThis work was supported by the IT RD program of MIC/IITA resourceexhaustion,VoIP communication interruption/blocking, etc.Session HijackingSession Hijacking is an attack, which is gathering the communication session control between users through spoofing legitimate users, and is interfering in their communication, as a kind of man-in-the-middle attack. Session Hijacking in VoIP communi cation can be categorized largely by INVITE session hijacking, SIP Registration hijacking, etc.VoIP SpamVoIP Spam is an attack, which is interrupting, and violating user privacy through sending voice advertisement messages, and also makes VMS(Voice Mailing System) powerless. It can be categorized by Call Spam, IM(Instant Messaging) Spam, Presence Spam, etc.Security trade-offsTrade-offs between convenience and security are routine in software, and VoIP is no exception. Most, if not all, VoIP components use integrated Web servers for configuration. Web interfaces can be attractive, easy to use, and inexpensive to produce because of the wide availability of good development tools. Unfortunately, most Web development tools focus on features and ease of use, with less attention paid to the security of the applications they help produce. Some VoIP device Web applications have weak or no access control, script vulnerabilities, and inadequate parameter validation, resulting in privacy and D oS vulnerabilities. Some VoIP phone Web servers use only HTTP basic authentication, meaning servers send authentication information without encryption, letting anyone with network access obtain valid user IDs and passwords. As VoIP gains popularity, well inevitably see more administrative Web applications with exploitable errors.The encryption process can be unfavorable to QoSUnfortunately, several factors, including packet size expansion, ciphering latency, and a lack of QoS urgency in the cryptographic engine can cause an excessive amount of latency in VoIP packet delivery, leading to degraded voice quality.The encryption process can be detrimental to QoS, making cryptodevices severe bottlenecks in a VoIP net-work. Encryption latency is introduced at two points. First, encryption and decryption take a nontrivial amount of time. VoIPs multitude of small packets exacerbates the encryption slowdown because most of the time consumed comes as overhead for each packet. One way to avoid this slowdown is to apply algorithms to the computationally simple encryption voice data before packetization. Although this improves throughput, the proprietary encryption algorithms used (fast Fourier-based encryption, chaos-bit encryption, and so on) arent considered as secure as the Advanced Encryption Standard,16 which is included in many IPsec implementations. AESs combination of speed and security should handle the demanding needs of VoIP at both ends. following general guidelines, recognizing that practical considerations might require adjusting them Put voice and data on logically separate networks. You should use different subnets with separate RFC 1918 address blocks for voice and data traffic and separate DHCP servers to ease the incorporation of intrusion-detection and VoIP firewall protection. At the voice gateway, which interfaces with the PSTN, disallow H.323, SIP, or Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) connections from the data network. As with any other critical network management component, use strong authentication and access control on the voice gateway system. Choose a mechanism to allow VoIP traffic through firewalls. Various protocol dependent and independent solutions exist, including ALGs for VoIP protocols and session border controllers. Stateful packet filters can track a connections state, denying packets that arent part of a properly originated call.Use IPsec or Secure Socket Shell (SSH) for all remote management and auditing access. If practical, avoid using remote management at all and do IP PBX access from a physically secure system.Use IPsec tunneling when available instead of IPsec transport because tunneling masks the source and destination IP addresses, securing communications against rudimentary traffic analysis (that is, determining whos making the calls).If performance is a problem, use encryption at the router or other gateway to allow IPsec tunneling. Be-cause some VoIP end points arent computationally powerful enoug h to perform encryption, placing thisRecent studies indicate that the greatest contributor to the encryption bottleneck occurs at the cryptoengine scheduler, which often delays VoIP packets as it processes larger data packets.17 This problem stems from the fact that cryptoschedulers are usually first-in first-out (FIFO) queues, inadequate for supporting QoS requirements. If VoIP packets arrive at the encryption point when the queue already contains data packets, theres no way they can usurp the less time-urgent traffic. Some hardware manufacturers have proposed (and at least one has implemented) solutions for this, including QoS reordering of traffic just before it reaches the cryptoengine.18 But this solution assumes that the cryptoengines output is fast enough to avoid saturating the queue. Ideally, youd want the cryptoengine to dynamically sort incoming traffic and force data traffic to wait for it to finish processing the VoIP packets, even if these packets arrive later. However , this solution adds considerable overhead to a process most implementers like to keep as light as possible. Another option is to use hardware-implemented AES encryption, which can improve throughput significantly. Past the cryptoengine stage, the system can performfurther QoS scheduling on the encrypted packets, provided they were encrypted using ToS preservation, which copies the original ToS bits into the new IPsec header. Virtual private network (VPN) tunneling of VoIP has also become popular recently, but the congestion and bottlenecks associated with encryption suggest that it might not always be scalable. Although researchers are making great strides in this area, the hardware and soft-ware necessary to ensure call quality for encrypted voice traffic might not be economically or architecturally vi-able for all enterprises considering the move to VoIP.Thus far, weve painted a fairly bleak picture of VoIP security. We have no easy one size fits all solution to the issues weve d iscussed in this article. Decisions to use VPNs instead of ALG-like solutions or SIP instead of H.323 must depend on the specific nature of both the current network and the VoIP network to be. The technical problems are solvable, however, and establishing a secure VoIP implementation is well worth the difficulty.To implement VoIP securely today, start with the following general guidelines, recognizing that practical considerations might require adjusting them Put voice and data on logically separate networks. You should use different subnets with separate RFC 1918 address blocks for voice and data traffic and separate DHCP servers to ease the incorporation of intrusion-detection and VoIP firewall protection. At the voice gateway, which interfaces with the PSTN, disallow H.323, SIP, or Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP) connections from the data network. As with any other critical network management component, use strong authentication and access control on the voice gateway syste m. Choose a mechanism to allow VoIP traffic through firewalls. Various protocol dependent and independent solutions exist, including ALGs for VoIP protocols and session border controllers. Stateful packet filters can track a connections state, denying packets that arent part of a properly originated call.Use IPsec or Secure Socket Shell (SSH) for all remote management and auditing access. If practical, avoid using remote management at all and do IP PBX access from a physically secure system.Use IPsec tunneling when available instead of IPsec transport because tunneling masks the source and destination IP addresses, securing communications against rudimentary traffic analysis (that is, determining whos making the calls).If performance is a problem, use encryption at the router or other gateway to allow IPsec tunneling. Be-cause some VoIP end points arent computationally powerful enough to perform burden at a central point ensures the encryption of all VoIP traffic emanating from the enterprise network. Newer IP phones provide AES encryption at reason-able cost.Look for IP phones that can load digitally (cryptographically) signed images to guarantee the integrity of the software loaded onto the IP phone.Avoid softphone systems (see the sidebar) when security or privacy is a concern. In addition to violating the separation of voice and data, PC-based VoIP applications are vulnerable to the worms and viruses that are all too common on PCs.Consider methods to harden VoIP platforms based on common operating systems such as Windows or Linux. Try, for example, disabling unnecessary services or using host-based intrusion detection methods.Be especially diligent about maintaining patches and current versions of VoIP software.Evaluate costs for additional power backup systems that might be required to ensure continued operation during power outages.Give special consideration to E-91 1 emergency services communications, because E-911 automatic location service is not alwa ys available with VoIP.VoIP can be done securely, but the path isnt smooth. It will likely be several years before standards issues are settled